Nasal CPAP increases alveolar number in a rhesus monkey model of moderate prematurity.

Rationale: Most premature human infants are born in the moderate to late preterm (MLP) range, ≥30 to <37 weeks gestation and demonstrate increased incidence of wheeze and respiratory illness as they age. Animal models suggest that mechanical lung distention stimulates lung growth and alveolar development. To determine if nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) influences MLP infant lung development, we developed a rhesus monkey model of moderate prematurity, randomized to 9 days of nCPAP or sham nCPAP.

Microsporidian coinfection reduces fitness of a fungal pathogen due to rapid host mortality.

Infection outcomes can be strongly context dependent, shifting a host-symbiont relationship along a parasitism-mutualism continuum. Numerous studies show that under stressful conditions, symbionts that are typically mutualistic can become parasitic. The reverse possibility, a parasite becoming mutualistic, has received much less study.

Phylogeny, morphology, virulence, ecology, and host range of (Ordosporidae), a microsporidian symbiont of spp.

Unlabelled: The impacts of microsporidia on host individuals are frequently subtle and can be context dependent. A key example of the latter comes from a recently discovered microsporidian symbiont of , the net impact of which was found to shift from negative to positive based on environmental context. Given this, we hypothesized low baseline virulence of the microsporidian; here, we investigated the impact of infection on hosts in controlled conditions and the absence of other stressors.

Field-realistic exposure to neonicotinoid and sulfoximine insecticides impairs visual and olfactory learning and memory in Polistes paper wasps.

Exposure to insecticides may contribute to global insect declines due to sublethal insecticide effects on non-target species. Thus far, much research on non-target insecticide effects has focused on neonicotinoids in a few bee species. Much less is known about effects on other insect taxa or newer insecticides, such as sulfoxaflor.