A one health roadmap towards understanding and mitigating emerging Fungal Antimicrobial Resistance: fAMR.

The emergence of fungal antimicrobial resistance-fAMR-is having a growing impact on human and animal health, and food security. This roadmap charts inter-related actions that will enhance our ability to mitigate the risk of fAMR. As humanity's reliance on antifungal chemicals escalates, our understanding of their one-health consequences needs to scale accordingly if we are to protect our ability to manage the global spectrum of fungal disease sustainably.

Identifying the drivers and constraints to adoption of IPM among arable farmers in the UK and Ireland.

Background: Arable crops in temperate climatic regions such as the UK and Ireland are subject to a multitude of pests (weeds, diseases and vertebrate/invertebrate pests) that can negatively impact productivity if not properly managed. Integrated pest management (IPM) is widely promoted as a sustainable approach to pest management, yet there are few recent studies assessing adoption levels and factors influencing this in arable cropping systems in the UK and Ireland. This study used an extensive farmer survey to address both these issues.

Measuring the unmeasurable? A method to quantify adoption of integrated pest management practices in temperate arable farming systems.

Background: The impetus to adopt integrated pest management (IPM) practices has re-emerged in the last decade, mainly as a result of legislative and environmental drivers. However, a significant deficit exists in the ability to practically monitor and measure IPM adoption across arable farms; therefore, the aim of the project reported here was to establish a universal metric for quantifying adoption of IPM in temperate arable farming. This was achieved by: (i) identifying a set of key activities that contribute to IPM; (ii) weighting these in terms of their importance to the achievement of IPM using panels of expert stakeholders to create the metric (scoring system from 0 to 100 indicating level of IPM practised); (iii) surveying arable farmers in the UK and Ireland about their pest management practices; and (iv) measuring level of farmer adoption of IPM using the new metric.

Changes in field dose-response curves for demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides against Zymoseptoria tritici, related to laboratory sensitivity phenotyping and genotyping assays.

Background: Insensitivity of Zymoseptoria tritici to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides has been widely reported from laboratory studies, but the relationships between laboratory sensitivity phenotype or target site genotype and field efficacy remain uncertain. This article reports field experiments quantifying dose-response curves, and investigates the relationships between field performance and in vitro half maximal effective concentration (EC ) values for DMIs, and the frequency of the G143A substitution conferring QoI resistance.

Results: Data were analysed from 83 field experiments over 21 years.

Evaluation of Probabilistic Disease Forecasts.

The statistical evaluation of probabilistic disease forecasts often involves calculation of metrics defined conditionally on disease status, such as sensitivity and specificity. However, for the purpose of disease management decision making, metrics defined conditionally on the result of the forecast-predictive values-are also important, although less frequently reported. In this context, the application of scoring rules in the evaluation of probabilistic disease forecasts is discussed.

Characterisation of Ramularia collo-cygni laboratory mutants resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Background: Ramularia collo-cygni (Rcc) is responsible for Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), a foliar disease of barley contributing to serious economic losses. Protection against the disease has been almost exclusively based on fungicide applications, including succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). In 2015, the first field isolates of Rcc with reduced sensitivity to SDHIs were recorded in some European countries.

The genome of the emerging barley pathogen Ramularia collo-cygni.

Background: Ramularia collo-cygni is a newly important, foliar fungal pathogen of barley that causes the disease Ramularia leaf spot. The fungus exhibits a prolonged endophytic growth stage before switching life habit to become an aggressive, necrotrophic pathogen that causes significant losses to green leaf area and hence grain yield and quality.

Results: The R.

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target-site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides.

Evolved resistance to fungicides is a major problem limiting our ability to control agricultural, medical and veterinary pathogens and is frequently associated with substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the target protein. The convention for describing amino acid substitutions is to cite the wild-type amino acid, the codon number and the new amino acid, using the one-letter amino acid code. It has frequently been observed that orthologous amino acid mutations have been selected in different species by fungicides from the same mode of action class, but the amino acids have different numbers.

Integrating Experience, Evidence and Expertise in the Crop Protection Decision Process.

Generically, farm-scale crop protection decision making may be characterized as a process beginning with an initial assessment of disease risk followed by the accumulation of evidence related to current risk factors, leading to a risk prediction. What action is then taken depends on the response of the decision owner, taking into account previous experience, advice from trusted sources, alongside policy or legislative constraints on crop protection practice that are intended to mitigate any impacts that may transcend the farm scale. This process has commonalities with decision-making in the strategy of preventive medicine.