Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na-Cl cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis.

The Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na and Cl across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na, K, Cl, and Mg loads in exchange for Ca and [Formula: see text].

Multiple Facets and Roles of Na-K-Cl Cotransport: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

The Na-K-Cl cotransporters play key physiological and pathophysiological roles by regulating the membrane potential of many cell types and the movement of fluid across a variety of epithelial or endothelial structures. As such, they should soon become invaluable targets for the treatment of various disorders including pain, epilepsy, brain edema, and hypertension. This review highlights the nature of these roles, the mechanisms at play, and the unresolved issues in the field.

K-Cl cotransporter 1 (KCC1): a housekeeping membrane protein that plays key supplemental roles in hematopoietic and cancer cells.

During the 1970s, a Na-independent, ouabain-insensitive, N-ethylmaleimide-stimulated K-Cl cotransport mechanism was identified in red blood cells for the first time and in a variety of cell types afterward. During and just after the mid-1990s, three closely related isoforms were shown to account for this mechanism. They were termed K-Cl cotransporter 1 (KCC1), KCC3, and KCC4 according to the nomenclature of Gillen et al.

Linking songbird nest predation to seedling density: Sugar maple masting as a resource pulse in a forest food web.

The ecological literature presents considerable evidence for top-down forcing on the maintenance of species diversity. Yet, in temperate forests, bottom-up forces often exert a strong influence on ecosystem functioning. Here, we report on the indirect influence of a pulsed resource, sugar maple () seed production, on nest survival in a migratory songbird.

Achieving a Culture of Quality in Pharmaceutical Biostatistics: One Approach to Achieving Quality Deliverables.

Biostatistics units within the pharmaceutical industry are faced with the challenge of increasing productivity, reducing costs, and accelerating timelines while at the same time maintaining high quality. This paper describes how the global biostatistics unit in one company is addressing this challenge by nurturing a "culture of quality" to engage frontline staff responsible for daily deliverables. The approach ties together the measurement, improvement, and maintenance of quality, thus inviting staff to understand their role in achieving quality deliverables.

Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX) therapy.

Interferon beta-1a is an established therapy for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Adverse effects in the first weeks of treatment are common. This open-label, multicenter, randomized, prospective study compared treatment of flu-like symptoms (FLS) with paracetamol versus ibuprofen administered 48 h within interferon injection.

The scripting of activities of daily living in normal aging: anticipation and shifting deficits with preservation of sequencing.

The purpose of this study was to elaborate upon Shallice's frontal lobe model by evaluating 20 elderly normal and 20 young adult controls, all women, with cognitive tests, a paper-pencil script generation task and a kitchenette meal preparation task. The elderly were significantly weaker on standardized tests of executive functions and on the paper-pencil script generation task. An anticipation and a sequencing impairment clearly emerged.

Pattern of carboplatin-induced emesis. The German Ondansetron Study Group.

In contrast to the broad experience concerning the therapeutic use of carboplatin, only limited data are available regarding the patterns of carboplatin-induced emesis, one of its most distressing side effects. This study reports frequency, severity and time course of carboplatin-induced vomiting and nausea refractory to 5-HT3 antagonism. A total of 216 patients receiving single-day carboplatin-based chemotherapy regimen were enrolled into an open multicenter study focusing on the safety and efficacy of ondansetron 8 mg t.

The significance of morphologically viable glioma cells found at the time of operation after interstitial brachytherapy.

The significance of finding morphologically intact viable glioma cells in tumors treated with high-dose irradiation delivered by interstitial brachytherapy was examined. Freshly resected tissue was taken from 12 patients after (n = 8) or both before and after (n = 4) interstitial brachytherapy. All posttreatment tissue was taken from regions within a radius of 2.

Glioma biology in vitro: goals and concepts.

Gliomas are heterogeneous in their cellular composition, affecting therapeutic efforts such as surgical removal, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. 106 gliomas were taken into culture in our laboratory and 12 cell lines could be established there from. Experiments were carried out in as many early cultures as possible and with the constant experimental system of the cell lines.

Peripheral nerve morphometry for daily practice.

Quantitative methods for the routine diagnostic analysis of sural nerve biopsies were evaluated. Semiautomatic image analysis was used to compare three sampling methods and to test the accuracy and reproducibility of measurements of various elements in biopsy specimens from seven cases of paraproteinemic neuropathy. Systematic nonrandom sampling gave better results than did completely random sampling, as compared with systematic covering sampling.