NFATc1 in CD4 T cells and CD11c dendritic cells drives T2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma.

Background: Asthma, a chronic lung disease, is a significant public health problem worldwide. It is marked by increased T2 response resulting in eosinophil accumulation. The pathophysiology of asthma involves various cell types, including epithelial cells, dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells, B cells, and effector cells.

Fiber rich food suppressed airway inflammation, GATA3 + Th2 cells, and FcεRIα+ eosinophils in asthma.

Background: Allergic Asthma is a disease presenting various endotypes and no current therapies act curative but alleviate disease symptoms. Dietary interventions are gaining increasing importance in regulating immune responses. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SFCA), as the main products of dietary fiber's fermentation by the gut bacteria, ameliorate the pathogenesis and disease burden of different illnesses including asthma.

Short-chain fatty acids induced lung tumor cell death and increased peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in NSCLC and control patients ex vivo.

Background: Despite therapy advances, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths still remains lung cancer. To improve current treatments or prevent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the role of the nutrition in cancer onset and progression needs to be understood in more detail. While in colorectal cancer, the influence of local microbiota derived SCFAs have been well investigated, the influence of SCFA on lung cancer cells via peripheral blood immune system should be investigated more deeply.

Metabolic rewiring promotes anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids represent the mainstay of therapy for a broad spectrum of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory mode of action have remained incompletely understood. Here we show that the anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids involve reprogramming of the mitochondrial metabolism of macrophages, resulting in increased and sustained production of the anti-inflammatory metabolite itaconate and consequent inhibition of the inflammatory response.

Defining a balance by compromising with fear: A grounded theory study on returning to eating after a total gastrectomy.

Objectives: Gastric cancer patients undergoing total gastrectomy face nutrition-related complications and worsening quality of life after surgery. In this context, gastrectomized cancer patients are required to cope with new conditions. Little is known about their accommodating feeding to the new life condition as a negotiated process among stakeholders in real contexts.

Exploring the mesoscale connectivity of phytoplankton periodic assemblages' succession in northern Adriatic pelagic habitats.

An appropriate model for phytoplankton distribution patterns is critical for understanding biogeochemical cycles and trophic interactions in the oceans and seas. Because phytoplankton dynamics in coastal waters are more complex due to shallow depth and proximity to land, more accurate models applied to the correct spatial and temporal scales are needed. Our study investigates the role of the atmosphere and hydrosphere in pelagic habitat by modelling phytoplankton assemblages at two Long Term Ecological Research sites in the northern Adriatic Sea using niche-forming environmental variables (wind, temperature, salinity, river discharge, rain, and water column stratification).

Poly I:C Pre-Treatment Induced the Anti-Viral Interferon Response in Airway Epithelial Cells.

Type I and III interferons are among the most important antiviral mediators. Increased susceptibility to infections has been described as being associated with impaired interferon response in asthmatic patients. In this work, we focused on the modulation of interferon dysfunction after the rhinovirus infection of airway epithelial cells.

IL-20 controls resolution of experimental colitis by regulating epithelial IFN/STAT2 signalling.

Objective: We sought to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-20 in IBD and experimental colitis.

Design: Experimental colitis was induced in mice deficient in components of the IL-20 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)2 signalling pathways. In vivo imaging, high-resolution mini-endoscopy and histology were used to assess intestinal inflammation.

Vitamin D resolved human and experimental asthma via B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 in T cells and innate lymphoid cells.

Background: Vitamin D (VitD) is known to have immunomodulatory functions, and VitD deficiency is associated with more severe asthma.

Objective: We aimed to assess the immunoregulatory effects of VitD food supplementation on asthma manifestation, with particular focus on T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells.

Methods: Preschool children and adult asthmatic cohorts were analyzed in the context of VitD supplementation and serum levels.

Addressing adverse synergies between chemical and biological pollutants at schools-The 'SynAir-G' hypothesis.

While the number and types of indoor air pollutants is rising, much is suspected but little is known about the impact of their potentially synergistic interactions, upon human health. Gases, particulate matter, organic compounds but also allergens and viruses, fall within the 'pollutant' definition. Distinct populations, such as children and allergy and asthma sufferers are highly susceptible, while a low socioeconomic background is a further susceptibility factor; however, no specific guidance is available.

IL-3 receptor signalling suppresses chronic intestinal inflammation by controlling mechanobiology and tissue egress of regulatory T cells.

IL-3 has been reported to be involved in various inflammatory disorders, but its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been addressed so far. Here, we determined IL-3 expression in samples from patients with IBD and studied the impact of or deficiency on T cell-dependent experimental colitis. We explored the mechanical, cytoskeletal and migratory properties of and T cells using real-time deformability cytometry, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and and cell trafficking assays.

Respiratory eukaryotic virome expansion and bacteriophage deficiency characterize childhood asthma.

Asthma development and exacerbation is linked to respiratory virus infections. There is limited information regarding the presence of viruses during non-exacerbation/infection periods. We investigated the nasopharyngeal/nasal virome during a period of asymptomatic state, in a subset of 21 healthy and 35 asthmatic preschool children from the Predicta cohort.

Contribution of serum lipids and cholesterol cellular metabolism in lung cancer development and progression.

Neoplasms of the lungs are the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Although immunotherapy has increased the overall survival of patients with lung cancer, there is the need to improve this treatment. At this regard, blood lipid levels are thought to be linked to cancer risk and thus a preventive intervention through regulation of the nutrition of patients with lung cancer is gaining much attention.

Rhinovirus Suppresses TGF-β-GARP Presentation by Peripheral NK Cells.

Asthma is a chronic airway disease whose exacerbations are often triggered by rhinovirus infection. TGF-β1 induces rhinovirus replication in infected cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 is a pleiotropic mediator that is produced by many immune cells in the latent, inactive form bound to the latency-associated peptide (LAP) and to the transmembrane protein glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP).

Respiratory virome profiles reflect antiviral immune responses.

Background: From early life, respiratory viruses are implicated in the development, exacerbation and persistence of respiratory conditions such as asthma. Complex dynamics between microbial communities and host immune responses shape immune maturation and homeostasis, influencing health outcomes. We evaluated the hypothesis that the respiratory virome is linked to systemic immune responses, using peripheral blood and nasopharyngeal swab samples from preschool-age children in the PreDicta cohort.

Effect of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza vaccinations on infections, immune response and asthma control in preschool children with asthma.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and influenza vaccines are administered in children to prevent infections caused by these pathogens. The benefits of vaccination for asthma control in children and the elicited immune response are not fully understood.

Targeted deletion of Interleukin-3 results in asthma exacerbations.

The cytokine interleukin-3 (IL-3) acts on early hematopoietic precursor cells. In humans, T cells secrete IL-3 and repress inflammatory cells except for basophils. The present study aims to elucidate the contribution of IL-3 in the development and the course of allergic asthma.

Simultaneous Care in Oncology: A 7-Year Experience at ESMO Designated Centre at Veneto Institute of Oncology, Italy.

Benefits of early palliative care referral in oncology are well-validated. At the Veneto Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, a simultaneous-care outpatient clinic (SCOC) has been active since 2014, where patients with advanced cancer are evaluated by an oncologist together with a palliative care team. We prospectively assessed SCOC patients’ characteristics and SCOC outcomes through internal procedure indicators.

Glucose-Restricted Diet Regulates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Prevents Tumor Growth in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Background: Lung cancer is the second common cancer type in western countries and has a high mortality. During the development and progression of the tumor, the nutrients in its environment play a central role. The tumor cells depend crucially on glucose metabolism and uptake.

IL-9 Producing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Treg Subsets Drive Immune Escape of Tumor Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Although lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, the mechanisms how lung cancer cells evade the immune system remain incompletely understood. Here, we discovered IL-9-dependent signaling mechanisms that drive immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found increased IL-9 and IL-21 production by T cells in the tumoral region of the lung of patients with NSCLC, suggesting the presence of Th9 cells in the lung tumor microenvironment.

An Immunoregulatory Role of Interleukin-3 in Allergic Asthma.

Background: Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease associated with airway mucus hyper-production. ILC2 cells, which express the Th2 transcription factor GATA3, have been associated with allergic asthma. The cytokine IL-3 is known to support eosinophil, basophil and mucosal mast cell differentiation and survival; however, its role on T regulatory cells as well as on lung ILC2 and in pediatric asthma needs further investigation.