Cannabis and the overdose crisis among US adolescents.

Background And Objectives: Since 2019, the drug overdose death rate among adolescents 14-18 years of age in the United States more than doubled. That cannabis legalization may have contributed to this tragedy is investigated by comparing the death rate in jurisdictions that have legalized medicinal or both medicinal and recreational use with those that have not.

Methods: Unintentional drug overdose death data for each state and District of Columbia (jurisdictions) were obtained from CDC WONDER and separately evaluated according to the jurisdiction legalization implementation of cannabis: recreational legalization, medicinal legalization but not recreational legalization, and nonlegalization.

Targeting the aminopeptidase ERAP enhances antitumor immunity by disrupting the NKG2A-HLA-E inhibitory checkpoint.

The aminopeptidase, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), trims peptides for loading into major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I), and loss of this activity has broad effects on the MHC class I peptidome. Here, we investigated the impact of targeting ERAP1 in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), as MHC class I interactions mediate both activating and inhibitory functions in antitumor immunity. Loss of ERAP sensitized mouse tumor models to ICB, and this sensitivity depended on CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

Ultradian rhythms of activity in a wild subterranean rodent.

Many animals adapt their activity patterns to the best environmental conditions using daily rhythms. African mole-rats are among the mammals that have become models for studying how these rhythms can be entrained by light or temperature in experimental laboratory studies. However, it is unclear whether they exhibit similar circadian rhythms in their natural lightless, subterranean environment.

Providing Delayed, In-Person Collected Feedback From Residents to Teaching Faculty: Lessons Learned.

Teaching faculty request timely feedback from residents to improve their skills. Yet even with anonymous processes, this upward feedback can be difficult to obtain as residents raise concerns about identification and repercussions. To examine faculty perception of the quality and content of feedback from residents after increasing anonymity and sacrificing timeliness.

United States marijuana legalization and opioid mortality trends before and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: To determine if marijuana legalization was associated with reduced opioid mortality.

Study Design: The United States (US) opioid mortality trend during the 2010-2019 decade was compared in states and District of Columbia (jurisdictions) that had implemented marijuana legalization with states that had not. Acceleration of opioid mortality during 2020, the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, was also compared in recreational and medicinal-only legalizing jurisdictions.

Whole genome sequencing of uropathogenic E. coli from Ireland reveals diverse resistance mechanisms and strong correlation with phenotypic (EUCAST) susceptibility testing.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) pose a global health concern. Resistance mechanisms, including genetic mutations in antimicrobial target genes, efflux pumps, and drug deactivating enzymes, hinder clinical treatment. These resistance factors often spread through mobile genetic elements.

Paying for Parenthood: Understanding Parental Leave Policies in Infectious Disease Fellowship.

Background: Many physician trainees plan pregnancy during residency and fellowship. A study of internal medicine program directors (PDs) demonstrated frequent misinterpretation of American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) leave policies applied to parental leave. The primary aim was to investigate how infectious disease (ID) PDs interpret current ABIM leave policies.

Uropathogenic (UPEC)-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: The Molecular Basis for Challenges to Effective Treatment.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, especially among women and older adults, leading to a significant global healthcare cost burden. Uropathogenic (UPEC) are the most common cause and accounts for the majority of community-acquired UTIs. Infection by UPEC can cause discomfort, polyuria, and fever.

Damaraland mole-rats do not rely on helpers for reproduction or survival.

In eusocial invertebrates and obligate cooperative breeders, successful reproduction is dependent on assistance from non-breeding group members. Although naked () and Damaraland mole-rats () are often described as eusocial and their groups are suggested to resemble those of eusocial insects more closely than groups of any other vertebrate, the extent to which breeding individuals benefit from the assistance of non-breeding group members is unclear. Here we show that, in wild Damaraland mole-rats, prospective female breeders usually disperse and settle alone in new burrow systems where they show high survival rates and remain in good body condition-often for several years-before being joined by males.

The use of oral benzodiazepines for the management of dental anxiety: a web-based survey of UK dentists.

Background Oral benzodiazepines (OBZs) can facilitate treatment of dentally anxious patients and are widely used in countries such as Australia and the United States. Dentists in the UK prescribe them much less often.Aims To examine OBZ prescribing by dentists in the UK, including patterns of practice, barriers to use, and alternative anxiety management strategies.

DeepAction: a MATLAB toolbox for automated classification of animal behavior in video.

The identification of animal behavior in video is a critical but time-consuming task in many areas of research. Here, we introduce DeepAction, a deep learning-based toolbox for automatically annotating animal behavior in video. Our approach uses features extracted from raw video frames by a pretrained convolutional neural network to train a recurrent neural network classifier.

Effect of Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, and Trimethoprim on In Vitro Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic (UPEC).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sublethal concentrations of nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim on biofilm formation in 57 uropathogenic strains (UPEC). The minimum inhibitory concentration of nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim was determined and the biofilm formation for each isolate with and without sub-lethal concentrations of each antibiotic was then quantified. The statistical significance of changes in biofilm formation was ascertained by way of a Dunnett's test.

The Influence of COVID-19 on University Students' Well-Being, Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Strength Endurance.

Background: Very few scientific studies have simultaneously evaluated changes in well-being (WB), physical activity (PA), and strength endurance (SE) based on results from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess WB, PA, and SE levels, as well as body composition parameters in university students before and during the pandemic.

Methods: The study included 30 males and 30 females (mean age: 21.

Effect of Increased Interprofessional Familiarity on Team Performance, Communication, and Psychological Safety on Inpatient Medical Teams: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: In large academic centers, medical residents work on multiple clinical floors with transient interactions with nursing colleagues. Although teamwork is critical in delivering high-quality medical care, little research has evaluated the effect of interprofessional familiarity on inpatient team performance.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of increased familiarity between medical residents and nurses on team performance, psychological safety, and communication.

Residency Program Responses to Early COVID-19 Surges Highlight Tension as to Whether Residents Are Learners or Essential Workers.

Purpose: To quantify the extent to which internal medicine (IM) residents provided care for patients with COVID-19 and examine characteristics of residency programs with or without plans (at some point) to exclude residents from COVID-19 care during the first 6 months of the pandemic.

Method: The authors used data from a nationally representative, annually recurring survey of U.S.

Near-fatal pediatric methemoglobinemia secondary to intentional sodium nitrite ingestion.

Methemoglobinemia is the result of inappropriate oxidation of hemoglobin iron groups, leading to a failure of oxygen transport and delivery, resulting in a clinical state of refractory hypoxia. Methemoglobin levels above 70% are often considered fatal. Acquired methemoglobinemia can be caused by a variety of substances, including sodium nitrite, a commercially available food preservative and color fixative.

Current and Future Therapies for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. This is due to delayed diagnosis and resistance to traditional chemotherapy. Delayed diagnosis is often due to the broad range of non-specific symptoms that are associated with the disease.