Microbial Primer: Phase variation - survival and adaptability by generation of a diverse population.

Phase variation is defined as the rapid and reversible switching of gene expression, and typically occurs in genes encoding surface features in small genome bacterial pathogens. Phase variation has evolved to provide an extra survival mechanism in bacteria that lack multiple 'sense-and-respond' gene regulation systems. Many bacterial pathogens also encode DNA methyltransferases that are phase-variable, controlling systems called 'phasevarions' (phase-variable regulons).