Recognition of RNA virus by RIG-I results in activation of CARD9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1 beta production.

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a potent proinflammatory factor during viral infection. Its production is tightly controlled by transcription of Il1b dependent on the transcription factor NF-kappaB and subsequent processing of pro-IL-1 beta by an inflammasome. However, the sensors and mechanisms that facilitate RNA virus-induced production of IL-1 beta are not well defined.

Adjuvanticity of a synthetic cord factor analogue for subunit Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccination requires FcRgamma-Syk-Card9-dependent innate immune activation.

Novel vaccination strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are urgently needed. The use of recombinant MTB antigens as subunit vaccines is a promising approach, but requires adjuvants that activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for elicitation of protective immunity. The mycobacterial cord factor Trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) and its synthetic analogue Trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB) are effective adjuvants in combination with MTB subunit vaccine candidates in mice.

Card9 controls a non-TLR signalling pathway for innate anti-fungal immunity.

Fungal infections are increasing worldwide due to the marked rise in immunodeficiencies including AIDS; however, immune responses to fungi are poorly understood. Dectin-1 is the major mammalian pattern recognition receptor for the fungal component zymosan. Dectin-1 represents the prototype of innate non-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) related to those of adaptive antigen receptors.

A radiation hybrid map of the zebrafish genome.

Recent large-scale mutagenesis screens have made the zebrafish the first vertebrate organism to allow a forward genetic approach to the discovery of developmental control genes. Mutations can be cloned positionally, or placed on a simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) map to match them with mapped candidate genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). To facilitate the mapping of candidate genes and to increase the density of markers available for positional cloning, we have created a radiation hybrid (RH) map of the zebrafish genome.

The effect of the cognitive interview on face identification accuracy: release from verbal overshadowing.

Three experiments tested the effect of verbal description on face identification accuracy. Based on verbal overshadowing research, it was predicted that enhancing verbal description of a face would reduce subsequent face identification accuracy. Experiment 1 tested and confirmed this hypothesis using the cognitive interview to enhance verbal description; face identification accuracy was reduced significantly following the cognitive interview, compared with a standard police interview.

Systematic analysis of yeast strains with possible defects in lipid metabolism.

Lipids are essential components of all living cells because they are obligate components of biological membranes, and serve as energy reserves and second messengers. Many but not all genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid, phospholipid, sterol or sphingolipid biosynthesis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been cloned and gene products have been functionally characterized. Less information is available about genes and gene products governing the transport of lipids between organelles and within membranes or the turnover and degradation of complex lipids.

Isolation of a novel type-I fatty-acid synthetase from Euglena gracilis. Specific derepression in streptomycin-bleached cells.

A novel, high-molecular-mass fatty-acid synthetase (FAS) complex has been isolated from streptomycin-bleached Euglena gracilis cells. The enzyme was purified 250-fold from the crude cell homogenate and subsequently migrated upon SDS/PAGE as a single band of molecular mass 270 kDa. This apparent subunit size of the purified protein contrasted with a smaller size of only 200 kDa which was exhibited by the same protein upon immunoblotting of the crude cell extract.

[Individual phase course and role change in neurosis patients in open intention-centered dynamic psychotherapy groups].

Sociograms are used to demonstrate the phase-typical occurrence of changes in individual roles among a sample comprising 79 neurotics who had received in-patient treatment in intention-centred dynamic open groups. This change depends on age and sex. The results can, on the basis of the four fundamental principles be used for controlling developments, be interpreted as indicating a development, but require closer definition by the use for more representative samples and variables.