Sorry you asked? , and the battles over patent-eligibility.

Genetic testing for inherited cancer risk changed dramatically when the US Supreme Court handed down unanimous rulings in (2012) and (2013). Those decisions struck down claims to methods based on 'laws of nature' () and DNA molecules corresponding to sequences found in nature (). Senators Thom Tillis (R-NC) and Christopher Coons (D-DE) introduced legislation that would abrogate those decisions and specify narrow statutory exclusions to patent-eligibility in §101 of the US Patent Act.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Polish sonographers-A questionnaire study.

Purpose: The ultrasound specialists face a substantial issue with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), characterized by occupation-related pain, reaching an estimated frequency of up to 90.5%. The type and location of pain vary depending on the sonographers specialty and the specific anatomical areas being examined.

Modeling of dose and linear energy transfer homogeneity in cell nuclei exposed to alpha particles under various setup conditions.

Purpose: Different alpha exposure setups are often used to study the relation between biological responses and LET. This study aimed to estimate the dose heterogeneity and uncertainty in four exposure setups using Geant4 and PARTRAC codes. The importance of the irradiation system characteristics was shown in the context of reporting experimental results, especially in radiobiological studies at the molecular level.

Exosome secretion and cellular response of DU145 and PC3 after exposure to alpha radiation.

Exosomes are spherical membrane nanovesicles secreted from cells, and they play an important role in tumor immune response, metastasis, angiogenesis, and survival. Studies investigating exosomes isolated from cells exposed to photon radiation commonly used in conventional radiotherapy demonstrate the influence of this type of radiation on exosome characteristics and secretion. There is currently no research investigating the effects of densely ionizing particles such as protons and alpha radiation on exosomes.

Small is beautiful: low activity alpha and gamma sources for small-scale radiation protection research experiments.

Purpose: Uncertainties regarding the magnitude of health effects following exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation remain a matter of concern both for professionals and for the public. There is consensus within the international radiation research community that more research is required on biological effects of radiation doses below 100 mGy applied at low dose rates. Moreover, there is a demand for increasing education and training of future radiation researchers and regulators.

Monitoring of plasma concentration of pyrimethamine (PYR) in infants with congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection--own observations.

The study objective was to determine plasma concentration of pyrimethamine in 24 infants aged 1-5 months, treated for congenital toxoplasmosis. Pyrimethamine was used in a single daily dose at an amount of 0.35-0.

Animal models of overactive bladder: cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis in rats.

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment induces chemical cystitis leading to bladder overactivity (OAB) in animals and humans. There is a great number of OAB models evaluations, which consider the bladder histology, as well as alterations in neurochemical, electrophysiological properties of bladder afferent neurons and reflex arcs activity in the spinal cord. However there are no data differentiating cystometrically acute and chronic models of OAB induced by CYP under urethane anaesthesia.

[Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy efficacy assessement in nephrolithiasis treatment].

PCNL is an up-to-date endoscopic method of nephrolithiasis treatment, characterized by high efficacy and low invasiveness. In this study we analyze our own experiences in nephrolithiasis treatment. In St.

First-line bevacizumab combined with reduced dose interferon-alpha2a is active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Background: In patients with untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), progression-free survival (PFS) was longer with bevacizumab + interferon (IFN)-alpha than IFN + placebo (AVOREN trial). In this hypothesis-generating study, subgroup analysis was carried out to determine the effect of IFN dose reduction.

Patients And Methods: A total of 649 patients received IFN 9 MIU s.

Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction in men.

The increase of life intensity and its stressful impact, a great number of various risk factors of ED - erectile dysfunction and aging men population lead to a high prevalence and incidence of ED worldwide. It is well known that ED in men is a condition of heterogenous aetiology, which determines ED substantial diagnostic and therapeutic clinical problem. However, in most cases, ED may be managed quite well by the primary care physician who has proper understanding of the pathophysiology of ED.

Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition is a valid therapeutic approach in renal cell carcinoma. Therefore, an investigation of the combination treatment of the humanised anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab with interferon alfa was warranted.

Methods: In a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase III trial, 649 patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma were randomised to receive interferon alfa-2a (9 MIU subcutaneously three times weekly) and bevacizumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks; n=327) or placebo and interferon alfa-2a (n=322).

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: radiographic and high-resolution CT findings.

Reports associating lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are exceedingly rare. This case demonstrates high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of LIP including multiple thin-walled cysts throughout the lungs, which are known to occur in LIP, but have not been described in the radiologic literature in association with SLE.

Multidetector pulmonary CT angiography: advances in the evaluation of pulmonary arterial diseases.

Multidetector CT (MDCT) has a primary role in the evaluation of pulmonary artery diseases. Contrast-enhanced MDCT studies are ideally suited for assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary thromboembolic disease. It has become the primary modality to diagnose acute and chronic thromboembolic disease.

The bioavailability of injectable, amorphous form of aztreonam.

Amorphos injectable form of aztreonam (BIOKTAM) was prepared. It was shown that after intramuscular or intravenous administration there are not any considerable differences in the bioavailability of aztreonam from BIOKTAM and of the drug from AZACTAM.

Identification and quantitation of source from hemoglobin of blood and blood mixtures by high performance liquid chromatography.

The described technique offers a sensitive and reproducible method for inferring the source of over 50 different animal species from bloodstains and blood mixtures. Hemoglobins from each of the species were examined using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in chromatographic times of less than 25 mins. The HPLC method complements and furthers current methodology for identification of species of origin.

Simultaneous determination of mexiletine and four hydroxylated metabolites in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of mexiletine and its four hydroxylated metabolites in human serum. The method involves a single-step extraction of mexiletine, hydroxymethylmexiletine, p-hydroxymexiletine and their corresponding alcohols with diisopropyl ether-dichloromethane-propan-2-ol (2.5:1.

Prazosin concentration monitoring in the treatment of prostatic adenoma.

In a prospective study of 32 patients with BPH treated with Minipress (prazosin), determinations of drug plasma levels were carried out. The comparison of clinical results and serum plasma levels enabled optimalization of the dosage in long-term therapy.

Pharmacokinetics of mexiletine and its metabolites, hydroxymethylmexiletine and p-hydroxymexiletine, after single oral administration in healthy subjects.

Pharmacokinetics of mexiletine and its major metabolites, p-hydroxymexiletine and hydroxymethylmexiletine, were studied in 10 healthy subjects after administration of a single oral 400 mg dose. Mexiletine was extensively metabolized to hydroxymethylmexiletine and less to p-hydroxymexiletine. Mean metabolic ratio (Rm) was 0.

A rapid HPLC method for plasma and serum mexiletine determination and its use in therapeutic drug monitoring.

A HPLC method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma and serum is described. Serum or plasma after addition of mexiletine and internal standard was extracted with diisopropyl ether. The extract was then evaporated and dissolved in the mobile phase.

Determination of amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone in human plasma and serum.

A liquid chromatographic method for the assay of antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone in human plasma or serum has been developed. The method is simple and sufficiently sensitive for pharmacokinetic studies. Amiodarone, desethylamiodarone and added internal standard L 8040 were twice extracted at various pH from serum or plasma.

HPLC method for simultaneous determination of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam in human serum, rat serum and rat brain homogenates.

A method for simultaneous determination of clobazam (CBZ) and its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam (DCBZ) in various biological samples by RP-HPLC with UV detection is described. The determination of both CBZ and DCBZ is performed without derivatization. The internal standard is diazepam.

[Evaluation of the relative biological availability of amiodarone Polfa preparation after extravascular administration of a single dose].

Relative bioavailability of amiodarone was studied in 10 healthy volunteers after its 600 mg single dose administration. Mean values of individual maximal concentrations and time for reaching them did not significantly differ and were respectively 0.828 +/- 0.

[Comparative evaluation of biological availability and anti-arrhythmia effectiveness of Mexicard (mexiletine Polfa)].

In 16 healthy males bioavailability of Mexicord (Polfa) was studied, in comparison with mexiletine of foreign made. Bioavailability extent (EBA) of Mexicord was over 99% in comparison with a standard drug. Comparative study of antiarrhythmic activity and side effects was performed in 32 patients with frequent ventricular premalure beats and nearly in a half of them resistant to antiarrhythmic agents.