Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive disease small cell lung cancer: An endless debate.

Extensive disease Small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) represents a very aggressive malignancy in which brain metastases (BM) are quite common. Clinical trials on prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) have showed a clear decrease in the risk of developing BM but conflicting results concerning a possible survival advantage. A landmark European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) prospective trial, as well as multitude of retrospective series confirm survival benefit after PCI.

Postmastectomy radiotherapy in T1-2 patients with one to three positive lymph nodes - Past, present and future.

PAST: The role of post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in patients with tumor <5 cm and one to three positive lymph nodes after axillary dissection (ALND) is vigorously debated. Initial doubts over the efficacy and safety of PMRT in these patients were partially overcome by improvement in technology and systemic treatments. Several randomized controlled clinical trials confirmed benefit of PMRT in N1 patients, which were meta-analyzed by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG).

reveals a network of nuclear receptors sensitive to 9--retinoic acid at the base of metazoan evolution.

, the only known species of Placozoa is likely to be closely related to an early metazoan that preceded branching of Cnidaria and Bilateria. This animal species is surprisingly well adapted to free life in the World Ocean inhabiting tidal costal zones of oceans and seas with warm to moderate temperatures and shallow waters. The genome of (sp.

The nematode homologue of Mediator complex subunit 28, F28F8.5, is a critical regulator of development.

The evolutionarily conserved Mediator complex is a critical player in regulating transcription. Comprised of approximately two dozen proteins, the Mediator integrates diverse regulatory signals through direct protein-protein interactions that, in turn, modulate the influence of Mediator on RNA Polymerase II activity. One Mediator subunit, MED28, is known to interact with cytoplasmic structural proteins, providing a potential direct link between cytoplasmic dynamics and the control of gene transcription.

Perilipin-related protein regulates lipid metabolism in C. elegans.

Perilipins are lipid droplet surface proteins that contribute to fat metabolism by controlling the access of lipids to lipolytic enzymes. Perilipins have been identified in organisms as diverse as metazoa, fungi, and amoebas but strikingly not in nematodes. Here we identify the protein encoded by the W01A8.