Building the Legal Capacity of the Public Health Workforce: Introducing the Public Health Law Academy.

Knowledge of the law and its impact on health outcomes is increasingly important in public health practice. The CDC's Public Health Law Academy helps satisfy this need by providing online trainings, facilitator toolkits, and legal epidemiology tools to aid practitioners in learning about the law's role in promoting public health.

Discontinuation of clonazepam in the treatment of social phobia.

Patients with social phobia who responded well to 6 months of open-label treatment with clonazepam were assigned to receive either continuation treatment (CT) with clonazepam for another 5 months, or to undergo discontinuation treatment (DT) using a clonazepam taper at the rate of 0.25 mg every 2 weeks, with double-blind placebo substitution. Clinical efficacy was compared between the CT and DT groups using three different social phobia scales.

Hypertension-induced alterations in copper and zinc metabolism in Dahl rats.

It has been suggested that one risk factor in the development of hypertension and vascular disease may be abnormal copper and zinc metabolism. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that hypertension itself may result in alterations in the metabolism of these essential elements. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed diets containing 0.

Salt level in weaning diet affects saline preference and fluid intake in Dahl rats.

Weanling Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats were used to compare effects of feeding high or low NaCl diets on taste preference for, and intake of, a wide range of saline concentrations. The DS and DR were fed either 8.0 or 0.

Effects of postnatal caffeine exposure through dam's milk upon weanling rats.

The effects of postnatal caffeine exposure received through mother's milk were examined in rat pups by administering 0.0125 or 0.05% caffeine solution to the dams throughout lactation.

Calcium appetite, blood pressure and electrolytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Appetite for solutions of 0.01 M-0.1 M calcium chloride or calcium lactate were assessed using the two-bottle choice technique in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats fed calcium replete diets.

Analysis of amiloride inhibition of chorda tympani taste response of rat to NaCl.

The kinetics of inhibition by amiloride of the integrated chorda tympani response were investigated in rats subjected to lingual stimulation with NaCl. In one series of experiments the time of exposure to amiloride was varied at fixed amiloride concentration. Exposure to 10(-4) M amiloride for 2 s reduced the response to 0.

Longitudinal study of salt preferences in normotensive and hypertensive rats.

To determine whether age-related changes in salt preferences occur over the lifespans of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), the same animals of each genotype were tested as juveniles, and as young and older adults. Taste preference ratios for NaCl and KCl, at concentrations from 0.001 to 1.

Myelination in the chorda tympani of the postnatal rat: a quantitative electron microscope study.

We determined the course of myelination of the chorda tympani in rats aged from 4- to 30-days-old, the interval of the most rapid developmental changes in neurophysiological taste responses and behavioral discrimination among chemical stimuli. The overall number of axons in rats aged from 16- to 30-days-old and in mature 120-day-old animals were the same and averaged 1,500. By 30 days, rats had 80% of the total number of myelinated axons observed in adults, but the average thickness of the myelin sheath per neuron and the proportion of the total cross-sectional area that were only about 60% of adult values.

Regeneration of taste buds after surgical excision of human vallate papilla.

We examined regenerative capabilities of vallate papilla and taste buds in a human adult after complete surgical excision of the papilla and underlying glands and muscle. Although trenchlike invaginations were observed in the healed epithelium biopsied 18 months after papilla removal, no normal papilla, characterized by definite boundaries and circular trench, could be found. A few regenerated taste buds, totaling slightly more than 7% of the number counted in the excised papilla, were present on the top surface of the regenerated epithelium.

Effects of restricted dietary flavor experience before weaning on postweaning food preference in puppies.

Four experiments investigated the effects of restricting the dietary flavor experience of preweaned puppies on their postweaning preference for the assigned flavor. Each study employed two matched litters of beagles, exposing each litter to a distinctly flavored commercially available dog food before weaning and assessing postweaning preference in two-bowl choice tests. The results implicate litter-specific variables and food-specific variables as factors influencing the preference of weanling puppies.

Gustatory nerve response to sugars in neonatal puppies.

Sugars were used as stimuli to investigate developmental changes in neural gustatory response in puppies from birth to weaning age. Chorda tympani nerve responses to chemical stimulation of the tongue were present at birth. No developmental changes were detected between birth and weaning, and the relative stimulatory effectiveness of six sugars in the neonate and older puppy was identical to that reported for the adult dog.

Taste bud morphology in the fetal and neonatal dog.

Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine tongues of beagle puppies at 38, 47, and 54 days of gestation (term = 63 days) and at postnatal ages ranging from birth to adulthood, to follow the time course of morphological maturation of the papillae and taste buds. Fungiform and circumvallate papillae were present on the 38th fetal day, although taste buds were not observed until the 47th fetal day. Large multipored buds and increasing taste bud numbers were noted from 47 days of gestation until birth.

Preference for sugars and nonnutritive sweeteners in young beagles.

Two-bowl choice tests were used to examined preference of puppies aged two to four months for compounds tasting sweet to humans. Puppies found many, but not all of the compounds highly palatable, and were sensitive to both type and amount of sugar or nonnutritive sweetener contained in a semi-moist dog food recipe. Lactose, fructose, and sucrose were well accepted, whereas maltose elicited indifference or rejection.

Number and distribution of ganglion cells in the vallate papilla of adult human.

We examined the number and distribution of ganglion cells within a vallate papilla from a healthy human adult. The vast majority of cell bodies were located near the base of the papilla, clustered in the central portion of its core immediately above underlying muscles and von Ebner's glands. Neurons appeared to be of one morphological type with ovoid cell bodies and spherical nuclei.