Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Regarding CPR Among Non-medical Staff at a Medical School in South Africa.

Background Sudden cardiac arrest can occur unexpectedly in any person and at any place including at medical schools. Improved outcomes after cardiac arrest are dependent on the initiation of early first responder high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and rapid defibrillation. There is a lack of data pertaining to the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of non-medical staff at medical schools regarding CPR.

Prevalence and presentation of neonatal sepsis at a paediatric emergency department in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: Despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of neonatal sepsis over the past three decades, the prevalence still remains high, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and presenting features of neonatal sepsis at a paediatric emergency centre (PEC).

Methods: Medical records of all neonates presenting to an academic hospital PEC over a six-month period were analysed.

Clinical Profile of Adult Patients Presenting With Renal Dysfunction to a Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department.

Background Renal dysfunction is a potentially life-threatening condition that is commonly encountered in the emergency department (ED). This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of patients presenting with renal dysfunction to a tertiary-level hospital ED. Methods Medical records of patients presenting to the ED with renal dysfunction over a six-month period (July-December 2017) were reviewed.

Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome Presentation to the Ladysmith Provincial Hospital: High Prevalence Among the Minority Indian Population.

Background Cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 17% of the 460236 natural deaths in South Africa in 2015. Previous studies have reported a disproportionately higher incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its risk factors among individuals of Indian descent residing in South Africa. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical profile of patients presenting with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to compare the characteristics of patients of Indian descent to those of non-Indian descent.

Development and internal validation of the HIV In-hospital Mortality Prediction (HIV-IMP) risk score.

Background: Despite advances in availability and access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV still ranks as a major cause of global mortality. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop and internally validate a risk score capable of accurately predicting in-hospital mortality in HIV-positive patients requiring hospital admission.

Methods: Consecutive HIV-positive patients presenting to the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital adult emergency department between 7 July 2017 and 18 October 2018 were prospectively enrolled.

A Comparative Assessment of the Nova Stat Profile Prime Plus® Critical Care Analyzer.

Background: Point-of-care testing (POCT) plays an integral role in the management of acutely ill patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Due to its rapid turnaround time, POCT has been shown to improve ED workflow, reduce unnecessary admissions and lessen the burden on ED staff. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy, precision and linearity of the Nova Stat Profile Prime Plus (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) to the Radiometer ABL800 FLEX (Radiometer South Africa Pty Ltd, Gauteng) and the Abbott i-stat Chem8+ (Abbott, Princeton, NJ, USA) POCT analyzers.

Paediatric Emergency Department preparedness in Nigeria: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Paediatric emergency medicine (PEM) is poorly developed in low and middle-income countries. The magnitude of challenges facing Paediatric Emergency Departments (PEDs) in Nigeria has not been well described. This study aimed to assess paediatric emergency care preparedness across PEDs in Nigeria.

The "Intubox": Enhancing Frontline Healthcare Worker Safety During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

There has been a substantial burden of healthcare worker infection during the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, likely due to a lack of adequate preparedness, suboptimal institutional infection control measures, atypical patient presentation, poor compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) and exposure to high-risk aerosol generating procedures, such as endotracheal intubation. There is significant concern that developing countries will face heightened levels of staff exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic. To mitigate this exposure risk during procedures, such as endotracheal intubation, various "aerosol boxes" have been designed by frontline healthcare workers.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Basic Life Support Among Teachers in Training.

Background Cardiac arrests may occur anytime, anywhere and to anyone including learners at schools. Teachers have a moral obligation to care for learners while on the school premises. Outcomes after cardiac arrest are better when the first-responder possesses adequate knowledge and skill in basic life support (BLS) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Occupational blood and body fluid exposures and human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophylaxis amongst intern doctors.

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are constantly vulnerable to occupational blood and body fluid exposures (OBBFEs). Exposed HCWs experience emotional, physical and psychological trauma. Less experienced HCWs, such as intern doctors, are more prone to OBBFEs.

First-presentation with psychotic behavior to the Emergency Department: Meningitis or not, that is the question.

Introduction: Meningitis is a potentially life threatening medical emergency. Psychotic behavior may be a presenting feature in patients with meningitis. We aimed to determine the value of various clinical and laboratory features at ruling-out meningitis in the patient presenting with a first-episode of psychotic behavior.

Audit of defibrillators at an urban public sector hospital.

Introduction: Life-threatening emergencies are not limited to the emergency department. Any delay in intervention during an emergency often culminates into a poor outcome. Early electrical defibrillation is one of the most important interventions in patients with cardiac arrest.

Locating the mental foramen at the bedside with point of care ultrasound imaging.

Introduction: Ultrasound guided neuro-anaesthesia is a developing field of interest to clinicians from various disciplines. The objective of this proof of concept study was to explore the ability, ease and rapidity of ultrasonography in locating the mental foramen.

Methods: A convenience sample of 100 patients aged 18 years or older, with no known pathology to the mandibular region, that presented to a single urban ED were enrolled.

First Presentation with Psychotic Symptoms to the Emergency Department.

Background: Mental health conditions account for 52.8 million (4.9-6.

HTLV-1, ATLL, refractory hypercalcaemia and HIV-1 co-infection.

Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) is a rare tumour of T-lymphocytes that is associated with human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection as well as severe/refractory hypercalcaemia. Human immunodefficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals are at increased risk of acquiring co-infection with HTLV-1. We present the case of a 37 -year -old HIV-1 positive and antiretroviral therapy naive woman who was admitted to the ICU with delirium, a generalised maculopapular rash, severe hypercalcaemia of 4.

Survival after Cardiac Arrest Secondary to Massive Pulmonary Embolism.

Introduction: It is estimated that the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) is missed in as many as 84% of all cases of PE. Cardiac arrest following PE is generally associated with poor outcomes.

Case Report: A 43-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) in cardiac arrest.

A Case of Female Acute Urinary Retention Presenting to the ED.

Introduction: Acute urinary retention is a rare occurrence in women necessitating further investigation. Potential underlying causes may be broadly classified into obstructive, neurological, pharmacological, and psychogenic categories.

Case: A 36-year-old nulliparous female presented to the Emergency Department with a two-day history of acute urinary retention.

A review of hemodynamic monitoring techniques, methods and devices for the emergency physician.

The emergency department (ED) is frequently the doorway to the intensive care unit (ICU) for a significant number of critically ill patients presenting to the hospital. Hemodynamic monitoring (HDM) which is a key component in the effective management of the critically ill patient presenting to the ED, is primarily concerned with assessing the performance of the cardiovascular system and determining the correct therapeutic intervention to optimise end-organ oxygen delivery. The spectrum of hemodynamic monitoring ranges from simple clinical assessment and routine bedside monitoring to point of care ultrasonography and various invasive monitoring devices.

The Ultrasonographic Determination of the Position of the Mental Foramen and its Relation to the Mandibular Premolar Teeth.

Introduction: The position of the mental foramen has been well researched in cadaver specimens, radiographically as well as intraoperatively. To our knowledge, this landmark study is the first to make use of ultrasonography in a study population to determine the position of the mental foramen in relation to the mandibular premolar teeth. Ultrasonography has great potential to further revolutionize the practice of medicine and dento-maxillofacial surgery.

Humanitarian Medical Response to the Syrian Arab Republic (April 7, 2013 to April 23, 2013).

The Syrian Arab Republic is entrenched in a deadly civil war, plunging the country into a state of chaos. With 3.2 million refugees abroad, 7.

Finding the mental foramen.

The mental foramen and mental nerve are clinically important landmarks for clinicians across various disciplines including dentists, oral maxillofacial surgeons, emergency physicians and plastic and reconstructive surgeons. To minimize complications related to procedures in the vicinity of the mental foramen and nerve, knowledge of its anatomy and anatomical variations is cardinal to concerned clinicians. In this review, basic anatomy, procedural complications, hard and soft tissue relations, variations between population groups, asymmetry, accessory mental foramina and the use of various radiological modalities to determine the position of the mental foramen are reviewed to provide a more thorough understanding of this important landmark.

A Somalia mission experience.

Reports about The Horn of Africa Famine Crisis in 2011 flooded our news bulletins and newspapers. Yet the nations of the world failed to respond and alleviate the unfolding disaster. In August 2011, the Gift of the Givers Foundation mobilised what was to become the largest humanitarian mission ever conducted by an African organisation.