Macabeo (Viura) grape response to climate variability in areas located at different elevations in the Rioja Designation of Origin.

Background: This research aims to analyse the influence of climatic conditions on phenology and grape composition of Macabeo, which is one of the white varieties authorized in Rioja DOCa. Phenological dates for flowers separated and harvest, and grape composition were evaluated for the period 2008-2020 in five plots, located at different elevations (457-650 m a.s.

Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review.

Climate is the main factor affecting grape and wine quality in Mediterranean viticulture. Global warming provokes an increase in the accumulation of soluble solids in grapes, together with a lower content of anthocyanins and acidity. This result in stuck and sluggish fermentations causing economic losses in the winery.

Strategies in vineyard establishment to face global warming in viticulture: a mini review.

Different technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted.

Variability of Tempranillo grape composition in the Rioja DOCa (Spain) related to soil and climatic characteristics.

Background: Soil and climate are terroir elements that condition vine response. This research was intended to evaluate the variability of grape composition of the Vitis vinifera L. cv.