CpG-creating mutations are costly in many human viruses.

Mutations can occur throughout the virus genome and may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious. We are interested in mutations that yield a C next to a G, producing CpG sites. CpG sites are rare in eukaryotic and viral genomes.

Validation of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy in Spanish medical students who participated in an Early Clerkship Immersion programme.

Background: The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy is the most widely used instrument to measure empathy in the doctor-patient relationship. This work pursued cultural adaptation and validation of the original scale, in its health professions version (JSE-HP), for medical students who participate in an Early Clerkship Immersion Programme of a Spanish university.

Methods: The questionnaire was replied by 506 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th year medical students from Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, in 2014 and 2016.

Primary photoprocesses in a fluoroquinolone antibiotic sarafloxacin.

The photophysical properties of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic sarafloxacin (SFX) were investigated in aqueous media. SFX in water, at pH 7.4, shows intense absorption with peaks at 272, 322 and 335 nm, (epsilon=36800 and 17000 dm3 mol(-1) cm(-1), respectively).

Formation of secondary triplet species after excitation of fluoroquinolones in the presence of relatively strong bases.

Laser flash photolysis of 7-(piperazin-1-yl) fluoroquinolones leads to the formation of a triplet excited state (3A*) at the end of the pulse (lambdamax 520, 610, and 620 nm for enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, respectively). Phosphate and bicarbonate buffers react with 3A* to form a secondary triplet (3B*, reaction rates (0.8-9.

Primary photophysical properties of moxifloxacin--a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

The photophysical properties of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic moxifloxacin (MOX) were investigated in aqueous media. MOX in water, at pH 7.4, shows two intense absorption bands at 287 and 338 nm (epsilon = 44,000 and 17,000 dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1), respectively).

Comparative study of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for mercury and arsenic multispeciation.

Mercury and arsenic are two elements of undoubted importance owing to their toxic character. Although speciation of these elements has been developed separately, in this work for the first time the speciation of As and Hg using two atomic fluorescence detectors in a sequential ensemble is presented. A coupling based on the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (where mercury and arsenic species are separated) and two atomic fluorescence detectors in series, with several online treatments, including photooxidation (UV) and hydride generation, has allowed the determination of mercury and arsenic compounds simultaneously.