Sexual dimorphism in the osmopressor response following water ingestion.

There is conflicting evidence as to whether water drinking elicits a pressor response in healthy young adults. The inclusion of a variable number of women may have contributed to the discrepancies found in past research. Thus, we aimed at exploring whether the osmopressor response follows a sexually dimorphic pattern.

Cardiovascular and autonomic effects of water ingestion during postexercise circulatory occlusion.

As with water ingestion, the activation of the muscle metaboreflex leads to heightened muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Thus, we hypothesized that water ingestion might enhance the pressor effect of the muscle metaboreflex activation. We examined the effect of water ingestion (50 vs.

Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome.

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and there is compelling evidence of autonomic dysfunction in these individuals. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether a combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention produces similar results in cardiac autonomic function between adults with and without DS. Twenty-five participants (13 DS; 12 non-DS), aged 27-50 years, were included.

Cardiovascular responses to water ingestion at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise.

Water drinking activates sympathetic vasoconstriction in healthy young adults; however, this is not accompanied by a concomitant increase in resting blood pressure. It is not known whether the water pressor effect is unmasked by a physiological condition such as exercise. Therefore, we examined the effect of water ingestion (50 vs.

Effects of cigarette smoking on cardiac autonomic function during dynamic exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of cigarette smoking on cardiac autonomic function in young adult smokers during dynamic exercise. Fourteen healthy young smokers (21.4 ± 3.

Analysis of power output time series in response to supramaximal exercise: an approach through dynamic factor analysis.

The responses to supramaximal exercise testing have been traditionally analyzed by means of standard parametric and nonparametric statistics. Unfortunately, these statistical approaches do not allow insight into the pattern of variation of a given parameter over time. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of dynamic factor analysis (DFA) allowed discriminating different patterns of power output (PO), during supramaximal exercise, in two groups of children engaged in competitive sports: swimmers and soccer players.

Fractal scaling properties of heart rate dynamics in persons with Down syndrome.

It has been shown that the fractal scaling properties of heart rate dynamics, in healthy aging, differ from that seen in heart disease and this favors the use of fluctuation measures as diagnostic tools. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fractal heart rate dynamics in adults with Down syndrome (DS) under different physiological conditions (rest, exercise and post-exercise recovery) and compare their responses with those of nondisabled individuals. Fourteen participants (10 males; and 4 females) with DS and 13 nondisabled (9 males, and 4 females) controls performed maximal and submaximal treadmill tests with metabolic and heart rate measurements.

Cardiac autonomic function during submaximal treadmill exercise in adults with Down syndrome.

This study determined whether the cardiac autonomic function of adults with Down syndrome (DS) differs from that of nondisabled persons during submaximal dynamic exercise. Thirteen participants with DS and 12 nondisabled individuals performed maximal and submaximal treadmill tests with metabolic and heart rate (HR) measurements. Spectral analysis of HR variability was performed on the last 256 consecutive R-R intervals obtained under the following conditions: (1) rest, (2) submaximal treadmill exercise (at constant relative intensity below the ventilatory threshold) and (3) recovery.

Reduced exercise capacity in persons with Down syndrome: cause, effect, and management.

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) have reduced peak and submaximal exercise capacity. Because ambulation is one predictor of survival among adults with DS, a review of the current knowledge of the causes, effects, and management of reduced exercise capacity in these individuals would be important. Available data suggest that reduced exercise capacity in persons with DS results from an interaction between low peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) and poor exercise economy.

Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome.

Objective: To determine whether adults with Down syndrome (DS) could improve their submaximal and peak exercise capacity, as for adults without disabilities, after 12 weeks of combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise training.

Design: Prospective study comparing the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on submaximal and peak exercise capacity of adults with and without DS.

Setting: University facilities.

Sex differences in linear and nonlinear heart rate variability during early recovery from supramaximal exercise.

Women demonstrate greater RR interval variability than men of similar age. Enhanced parasympathetic input into cardiac regulation appears to be not only greater in women, but also protective during periods of cardiac stress. Even though women may have a more favorable autonomic profile after exercise, little research has been conducted on this issue.

Oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise in adults with Down syndrome.

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) have diminished submaximal and peak work capacity. This study evaluated the dynamic response of oxygen uptake at onset and recovery (VO(2) kinetics) of constant-load exercise (moderate intensity 45% VO(2peak)) in adults with DS. A total of 27 healthy participants aged 18-50 years performed graded treadmill exercise to assess peak VO(2): 14 with DS (9 males and 5 females) and 13 controls without disabilities (9 males and 4 females).

Heart rate recovery after exercise in adults with the Down syndrome.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate heart rate recovery (HRR) in patients with the Down syndrome (DS) after peak dynamic exercise and compare their responses to those of nondisabled subjects of similar age, gender, and body mass index. Eighteen participants with the DS (14 men, 4 women; mean age 33.6 +/- 7.

Spectral methods of heart rate variability analysis during dynamic exercise.

Objectives: To apply both autoregressive (AR) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectral analysis at rest, during two different dynamic exercise intensities and in recovery from maximal exercise and to compare raw and normalized powers obtained with both methods.

Methods: Sixteen participants (age 22.3 +/- 4.

Influence of long-term exercise training on submaximal and peak aerobic capacity and locomotor economy in adult males with Down's syndrome.

Background: The effect of exercise training on submaximal aerobic capacity and locomotor economy (LE) of Down's syndrome (DS) individuals has never been analyzed and their peak physiological adaptability to long-term physical conditioning is poorly understood. Thus the purpose of the present study was to determine whether DS males could improve their submaximal and peak aerobic capacity and LE after a 28-week training program.

Materials/methods: Twelve Caucasian DS males aged 34.

Between-day variability of net and gross oxygen uptake during graded treadmill walking: effects of different walking intensities on the reliability of locomotion economy.

There have been few studies of clinical relevance conducted on the reliability of walking economy. This study was designed to determine if walking economy reproducibility increases as a function of walking intensity, and if there is any advantage in expressing walking economy as net oxygen uptake (VO2) rather than gross VO2 for reproducibility purposes. Sixteen participants (9 males, 7 females; mean age, 22.

Walking economy in male adults with Down syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to investigate walking economy in response to steady-state locomotion in adult males with Down syndrome (DS) and in healthy controls. Twelve participants with DS (34.5 +/- 7.