Cajal's contributions to vestibular research.

The Spanish neurohistologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) is widely regarded as the father of modern Neuroscience. In addition to identifying the individuality of cells in the nervous system (the neuron theory) or the direction followed by nerve impulses (the principle of dynamic polarization), he described numerous details regarding the organization of the different structures of the nervous system. This task was compiled in his magnum opus, "Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y los Vertebrados," first published in Spanish between 1899 and 1904, and later revised and updated in French as "Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés" between 1909 and 1911 for wider distribution among the international scientific community.

Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 inhibits autophagy in glial cells but requires ATG5 for the success of viral replication.

Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) 1 is a neurotropic virus that has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. The dysregulation of autophagy by HSV-1 has been proposed as a potential cause of neurodegeneration. While studies have extensively tackled the interaction between autophagy and HSV-1 in neurons, research in glial cells is currently limited.

Minimally invasive power sources for implantable electronics.

As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non-invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long-term use, which greatly limits the development of miniaturized implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturized power sources along with their advantages and limitations is given.

Activation of Shh/Smo is sufficient to maintain oligodendrocyte precursor cells in an undifferentiated state and is not necessary for myelin formation and (re)myelination.

Myelination is the terminal step in a complex and precisely timed program that orchestrates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of oligodendroglial cells. It is thought that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) acting on Smoothened (Smo) participates in regulating this process, but that these effects are highly context dependent. Here, we investigate oligodendroglial development and remyelination from three specific transgenic lines: NG2-Cre (control), Smo/NG2-Cre (loss of function), and SmoM2/NG2-Cre (gain of function), as well as pharmacological manipulation that enhance or inhibit the Smo pathway (Smoothened Agonist (SAG) or cyclopamine treatment, respectively).

ApTOLL: A new therapeutic aptamer for cytoprotection and (re)myelination after multiple sclerosis.

Background And Purpose: ApTOLL is an aptamer selected to antagonize toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a relevant actor for innate immunity involved in inflammatory responses in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases. The currently available therapeutic arsenal to treat MS is composed of immunomodulators but, to date, there are no (re)myelinating drugs available in clinics. In our present study, we studied the effect of ApTOLL on different animal models of MS.

Efficacy of a benzothiazole-based LRRK2 inhibitor in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and in a murine model of multiple sclerosis.

Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that currently lacks effective curative treatments. There is a need to find effective therapies, especially to reverse the progressive demyelination and neuronal damage. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo mechanisms that enable spontaneously the partial repair of damaged lesions.

Gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer prevention: Watchful waiting.

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), a common histologic finding, is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer, and GIM associated with infection is classified as an environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with various dyspeptic symptoms. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis is a less common but important cause of chronic gastritis.

Elevating intracellular action potential recording in cardiomyocytes: A precision-enhanced and biosafe single-pulse electroporation system.

Action potentials play a pivotal role in diverse cardiovascular physiological mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of these intricate mechanisms necessitates a high-fidelity intracellular electrophysiological investigative approach. The amalgamation of micro-/nano-electrode arrays and electroporation confers substantial advantages in terms of high-resolution intracellular recording capabilities.

Impact of octreotide on sodium level in cirrhotic inpatients with hyponatremia: a retrospective study.

Objective: Octreotide could increase serum sodium in cirrhotics with hyponatremia by counteracting splanchnic vasodilation. Current supporting data is limited to case reports and series. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of octreotide on serum sodium in cirrhotic inpatients with hyponatremia compared with controls.

Performance of Eco-Friendly Cement Mortars Incorporating Ceramic Molds Shells and Paraffin Wax.

The lost wax foundry industry has been rapidly expanding in recent years, generating a large amount of waste due to the fact that most of the durable goods include castings and the need for dimensional precision castings for specific purposes, such as the automotive and aeronautics sectors. The waste produced by this industry is currently being deposited in landfills because practical applications are not known and cannot be reused in a new production process, and recycling is also a challenge because of the economics of the process. Thus, the main objective of this study consists in the incorporation of the produced wastes by the lost wax casting foundry industry (ceramic molds shells and paraffin wax) as substitutes for natural aggregate in exterior coatings mortars, evaluating their behavior under normal operating conditions and against freeze-thaw actions.

Green Solvent Ethanol-Based Inks for Industrially Applicable Deposition of High-Quality Perovskite Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications.

Incontrovertibly there is an increasing demand for the development of benign inks suitable for fabrication of high-performing perovskite-based thin film functional layers. Nevertheless, most reported perovskite precursors rely on the use of highly toxic solvents such as acetonitrile, 2-methoxyethanol, dimethylformamide, and many others. Hence, there is a strong imperative for the development of novel and greener inks, which will facilitate smoother commercialization of technologies based on functional perovskite films.

The Importance of Cajal's and Lorente de Nó's Neuroscience to the Birth of Cybernetics.

The beginnings of cybernetics were marked by the publication of two papers in 1943. In the first one, Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow claimed that purposeful behavior is a circular process controlled by negative feedback. In the second seminal paper, McCulloch and Pitts proposed that neurons are interconnected working as logical operators.

Comparison between metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From nomenclature to clinical outcomes.

As a result of the obesity epidemic, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its complications have increased among millions of people. Consequently, a group of experts recommended changing the term NAFLD to an inclusive terminology more reflective of the underlying pathogenesis; metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This new term of MAFLD has its own disease epidemiology and clinical outcomes prompting efforts in studying its differences from NAFLD.

Extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1 overexpression alters dopaminergic phenotype in the CNS and the PNS with no pathogenic consequences in a MPTP model of Parkinson's disease.

The development and survival of dopaminergic neurons are influenced by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway. Anosmin-1 (A1) is an extracellular matrix protein that acts as a major regulator of this signaling pathway, controlling FGF diffusion, and receptor interaction and shuttling. In particular, previous work showed that A1 overexpression results in more dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb.

Response to botulinum toxin may predict response to peroral pyloromyotomy in patients with gastroparesis.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUND : Patients with gastroparesis who have undergone prior intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection (BTI) may seek an opinion regarding peroral pyloromyotomy (POP). There are only two small reports assessing the role of BTI as a predictor for successful treatment with POP.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study to assess whether symptomatic improvement after BTI predicts a response to POP.

Endoscopic and Surgical Management of Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome.

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare congenital sporadic disorder characterized by multiple venous malformations localized in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and internal organs. Gastrointestinal lesions tend to lead to massive or occult bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. The treatment of symptomatic gastrointestinal venous malformations remains a challenge, especially in the setting of recurrent blood loss anemia.

"I have always lived with the disease in the family": family adaptation to hereditary cancer-risk.

Background: Hereditary cancer syndromes have been conceptualized as a family level process. The present study explores the complexity and challenges of family adaptation to the hereditary cancer syndrome, in the context of genetic counseling and long-term cancer risk management and follow-up surveillance.

Methods: We performed semi-structured interviews with 13 participants with one of the following hereditary cancer syndromes: Lynch Syndrome, Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, or Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.

Ion-driven nanograin formation in early-stage degradation of tri-cation perovskite films.

The operational stability of organic-inorganic halide perovskite based solar cells is a challenge for widespread commercial adoption. The mobility of ionic species is a key contributor to perovskite instability since ion migration can lead to unfavourable changes in the crystal lattice and ultimately destabilisation of the perovskite phase. Here we study the nanoscale early-stage degradation of mixed-halide mixed-cation perovskite films under operation-like conditions using electrical scanning probe microscopy to investigate the formation of surface nanograin defects.

Emerging Bioelectronic Strategies for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering and Implantation.

Heart diseases are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. The ability to create cardiovascular tissue has numerous applications in understanding tissue development, disease progression, pharmacological testing, bio-actuators, and transplantation; yet current cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) methods are limited. However, there have been emerging developments in the bioelectronics field, with the creation of biomimetic devices that can intimately interact with cardiac cells, provide monitoring capabilities, and regulate tissue formation.

Overcoming Nanoscale Inhomogeneities in Thin-Film Perovskites via Exceptional Post-annealing Grain Growth for Enhanced Photodetection.

Antisolvent-assisted spin coating has been widely used for fabricating metal halide perovskite films with smooth and compact morphology. However, localized nanoscale inhomogeneities exist in these films owing to rapid crystallization, undermining their overall optoelectronic performance. Here, we show that by relaxing the requirement for film smoothness, outstanding film quality can be obtained simply through a post-annealing grain growth process without passivation agents.

Complex-Valued Phase Transmittance RBF Neural Networks for Massive MIMO-OFDM Receivers.

Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transmission schemes have become the techniques of choice for increasing spectral efficiency in bandwidth-congested areas. However, the design of cost-effective receivers for MIMO channels remains a challenging task. The maximum likelihood detector can achieve excellent performance-usually, the best performance-but its computational complexity is a limiting factor in practical implementation.