Clinical management of men producing ejaculates characterized by high levels of dead sperm and altered seminal plasma factors consistent with epididymal necrospermia.

Sperm quality and viability can be improved in healthy men with epididymal necrospermia by requesting a second ejaculate 60 minutes after the first specimen is obtained.

The effect of colloid osmotic pressure in human spermatozoa exposed to hypoosmotic conditions.

The use of a protein source such as serum and albumin had been extensively employed as supplements of culture media for handling and culture of gametes and embryos. Protein molecules behave as colloids in solution and contribute to the osmotic pressure of fluids. The interaction of proteins in solution and spermatozoa needs to be assessed in order to determine their possible role in osmoregulation.

Modern approaches to the treatment of human infertility through assisted reproduction.

Medical statistics from the United States show approximately 15 percent of all couples of reproductive age are unable to conceive naturally. In recent years, the numbers of couples with reproductive problems has increased, principally due to changes in life style and delayed childbearing. Only 13 years after the birth of the first "test tube baby", advances in the field of human reproduction have created a wide range of alternatives to help infertile couples conceive a healthy infant.