ChatGPT-4 Surpasses Residents: A Study of Artificial Intelligence Competency in Plastic Surgery In-service Examinations and Its Advancements from ChatGPT-3.5.

Background: ChatGPT, launched in 2022 and updated to Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) in 2023, is a large language model trained on extensive data, including medical information. This study compares ChatGPT's performance on Plastic Surgery In-Service Examinations with medical residents nationally as well as its earlier version, ChatGPT-3.5.

Interleukin-15 is a hair follicle immune privilege guardian.

The autoimmunity-promoting cytokine, Interleukin-15 (IL-15), is often claimed to be a key pathogenic cytokine in alopecia areata (AA). Yet, rhIL-15 promotes human hair follicle (HF) growth ex vivo. We have asked whether the expression of IL-15 and its receptor (IL-15R) isoforms is altered in human AA and how IL-15 impacts on human HF immune privilege (HF-IP) in the presence/absence of interferon-γ (IFNγ), the well-documented key AA-pathogenic cytokine, as well as on hair regrowth after experimental AA induction in vivo.

mTORC1 activity negatively regulates human hair follicle growth and pigmentation.

Dysregulation of the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is commonly linked to aging, cancer, and genetic disorders such as tuberous sclerosis (TS), a rare neurodevelopmental multisystemic disease characterized by benign tumors, seizures, and intellectual disability. Although patches of white hair on the scalp (poliosis) are considered as early signs of TS, the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential involvement of mTORC1 in hair depigmentation remain unclear. Here, we have used healthy, organ-cultured human scalp hair follicles (HFs) to interrogate the role of mTORC1 in a prototypic human (mini-)organ.