Transcranial direct current stimulation provides no clinically important benefits over walking training for improving walking in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.

Questions: Does walking training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improve walking (ie, speed, cadence and step length) and reduce falls and freezing, compared with no/sham intervention, in people with Parkinson's disease? Is walking training combined with tDCS superior to walking training alone? Are any benefits carried over to social participation and/or maintained beyond the intervention period?

Design: A systematic review with meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials.

Participants: Ambulatory adults with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Intervention: tDCS combined with walking training.

Na+K+-ATPase activity and K+ channels differently contribute to vascular relaxation in male and female rats.

Gender associated differences in vascular reactivity regulation might contribute to the low incidence of cardiovascular disease in women. Cardiovascular protection is suggested to depend on female sex hormones' effects on endothelial function and vascular tone regulation. We tested the hypothesis that potassium (K+) channels and Na+K+-ATPase may be involved in the gender-based vascular reactivity differences.

Myocardial contractile dysfunction induced by ovariectomy requires AT1 receptor activation in female rats.

Background/aim: Estrogen deficiency induces myocardial contractile dysfunction and increases cardiovascular disease risk. However, the mechanism underlying this response is unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether AT(1)receptor blockade would prevent ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction.