Visual Acuity Outcomes in a Randomized Trial of Wavefront Metric-optimized Refractions in Adults with Down Syndrome.

Significance: This study reports visual acuity outcomes from a clinical trial investigating an objective refraction strategy that may provide a useful tool for practitioners needing additional strategies to identify refractive corrections for adults with intellectual disability.

Purpose: Determining refractions for individuals with Down syndrome is challenging because of the presence of elevated refractive error, optical aberrations, and cognitive impairment. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the performance of spectacle corrections determined using clinical techniques and objective refractions derived from wavefront aberration measures.

A Randomized Trial of Objective Spectacle Prescriptions for Adults with Down Syndrome: Baseline Data and Methods.

Significance: It is difficult to determine the most efficacious refractive correction for individuals with Down syndrome using routine clinical techniques. New objective methods that optimize spectacle corrections for this population may reduce limitations on daily living by improving visual quality.

Purpose: This article describes the methods and baseline characteristics of study participants in a National Eye Institute-sponsored clinical trial to evaluate objectively derived spectacle corrections in adults with Down syndrome.

Internal Astigmatism in Myopes and Non-myopes: Compensation or Constant?

Purpose: To examine internal astigmatism (IA) in myopes and non-myopes using a new method to assess compensation of corneal astigmatism (CA) by IA, to look for predictors of high IA in young adult myopes, and to determine if as CA changes IA changes to reduce refractive astigmatism (RA) in an active compensatory process in myopes.

Methods: Right eye keratometry and cycloplegic autorefraction were measured annually over 14 years in 367 myopes and once in 204 non-myopes age- (mean 21.91 ± 1.

Longitudinal changes in corneal curvature and its relationship to axial length in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Purpose: To describe longitudinal changes in corneal curvature (CC) and axial length (AL) over 14 years, and to explore the relationship between AL and CC, and the axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio.

Methods: In total 469, 6 to <12-year-old, children were enrolled in COMET. Measurements of refractive error, CC (D), CR (mm), and ocular component dimensions including AL were gathered annually.

Limited change in anisometropia and aniso-axial length over 13 years in myopic children enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial.

Purpose: We investigated changes in anisometropia and aniso-axial length with myopia progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Methods: Of 469 myopic children, 6 to <12 years old, enrolled in COMET, 358 were followed for 13 years. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) in each eye were measured annually.

Myopia, contact lens use and self-esteem.

Purpose: To evaluate whether contact lens (CL) use was associated with self-esteem in myopic children originally enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET), that after 5 years continued as an observational study of myopia progression with CL use permitted.

Methods: Usable data at the 6-year visit, one year after CL use was allowed (n = 423/469, age 12-17 years), included questions on CL use, refractive error measurements and self-reported self-esteem in several areas (scholastic/athletic competence, physical appearance, social acceptance, behavioural conduct and global self-worth). Self-esteem, scored from 1 (low) to 4 (high), was measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children in participants under 14 years or the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, in those 14 years and older.

Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in the COMET cohort.

Purpose: To describe intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in ethnically diverse, myopic young adults enrolled in COMET (the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial) and their association with ocular and demographic factors.

Methods: IOP (Goldmann tonometry), CCT (handheld pachymetry), refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction), and ocular components (A-scan ultrasonography) were measured in 385 of the original 469 subjects (mean age = 20.3 ± 1.

Ten-year changes in fusional vergence, phoria, and nearpoint of convergence in myopic children.

Purpose: To identify longitudinal changes in fusional vergence ranges and their relationship to other clinical measures in young myopic subjects.

Methods: Measurements were collected annually for 10 years on 114 subjects from the University of Houston Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial cohort. Subject age was 7 to 13 years at year 1 of follow-up.

Awareness of dengue and practice of dengue control among the semi-urban community: a cross sectional survey.

Primary prevention is the most effective measure in dengue prevention and control. The objectives were (i) to determine the level of knowledge and practice of dengue control amongst the study community, and (ii) to explore the factors affecting practice of dengue control in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a semi-urban Town of Malaysia, using a structured questionnaire covering sociodemography, knowledge related to dengue, knowledge related to Aedes mosquito and preventive measures against the disease.

Comparison of two drug combinations for dilating dark irides.

Purpose: Two combinations of dilation drops [1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine (TP) vs. 1% tropicamide and 1% cyclopentolate (TC)] were compared to determine time course and magnitude of dilation for patients with dark irides.

The effect of strabismus on a young child's selection of a playmate.

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of strabismus on a child's playmate selection.

Methods: Photographs of orthotropic children aged 3-6 years were altered to simulate various magnitudes of strabismus. The pictures were arranged in pairs, one orthotropic child and one with strabismus.

Evaluating the self-esteem of myopic children over a three-year period: The COMET Experience.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to evaluate self-esteem over 3 years in the 469 myopic children participating in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET), and to examine its relationship with lens assignment (progressive addition lenses [PALs] vs. single-vision lenses [SVLs]), myopia progression, and several other ocular and demographic characteristics.

Methods: Data collection included refractive error measurements, child-reported visual symptoms, attitude toward glasses, adherence, and self-esteem as measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC).

The intraexaminer and interexaminer repeatability of the alternate cover test using different prism neutralization endpoints.

Purpose: The alternate cover test (ACT) measures the magnitude of a deviation, but different prism endpoints may be used. This study investigated the intraexaminer and interexaminer repeatability of the ACT using two different prism neutralization endpoints.

Methods: To determine repeatability of two prism neutralization endpoints (first neutral and midpoint of reversal), two experienced examiners measured near point phoria on 72 subjects.

The relationship between self-esteem of myopic children and ocular and demographic characteristics.

Purpose: To evaluate self-esteem and its relationship with various ocular and demographic characteristics in 469 myopic children participating in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET), an ongoing, randomized, multicenter clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of progressive addition lenses vs. single vision lenses on the progression of juvenile-onset myopia.

Methods: Baseline data collection included demographic information, refractive error measurements, parent-reported myopia history, child-reported visual symptoms, and self-esteem in several areas (scholastic/athletic competence, physical appearance, social acceptance, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth) as measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children.

Trauma patients with multiple extremity injuries: resource utilization and long-term outcome in relation to injury severity scores.

Background: Trauma patients with multiple extremity injuries (MEI) make heavy demands on hospital resources and face long-term difficulties in rehabilitation, yet the literature contains little about their treatment as a distinct group.

Methods: In this study, a cohort of 54 patients with MEI, all treated at a Level I trauma center, was compared with a trauma control (TC) group that had major injuries not focused at the extremities (but excluding patients with neurologic sequelae of head or spinal cord injuries). Demographic features, primary measures reflecting utilization of hospital resources, return-to-employment and productivity data, and health-related quality of life scores (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]) were compared.

Screening for anisometropia in preschool children.

Purpose: A preschool vision screening program was reviewed to evaluate eccentric photoscreening (EP), visual acuity, and stereopsis in identifying anisometropia.

Methods: Patients referred by the screening were examined to assess efficacy of the three screening techniques in a population of preschool children. Testability and comparison of screening results to the classification of anisometropia (> or = 1 D) by retinoscopy obtained during a complete examination were evaluated.

Sterility of ophthalmic drugs dispensed from spray bottles.

Background: Spray application of cycloplegics and mydriatics is efficacious and frequently easier to use than a standard dropper bottle in the pediatric population. However, no documentation regarding the sterility of drugs dispensed from spray bottles is available. This study was conducted to determine whether contamination of ophthalmic drugs occurs with spray bottle use.

Resistance to occlusion: sensitivity to induced blur in 6- to 12-month-old infants.

Background: Resistance to occlusion and fix and follow are often used to make inferences about the acuity of young children. In this study, the acuity of 6- to 12-month-old infants was degraded monocularly to elicit resistance to occlusion or loss of fixation.

Methods: Occlusion foils and optical blur were used to simulate monocular acuity reduction.

Interocular suppression produced by rivalry stimuli: a comparison of normal and abnormal binocular vision.

This study compares interocular suppression in subjects with early strabismus and/or anisometropia with binocular rivalry suppression in subjects with normal binocular vision. A psychophysical test-probe paradigm was used to measure the changes in luminance-increment detection thresholds associated with periods of phenomenal suppression. In subjects with normal binocular vision, rivalry suppression induced by viewing orthogonally oriented grating pairs produced a distinctive wavelength-dependent change in visual sensitivity; specifically, there was a greater reduction in sensitivity for short (e.

1% Cyclopentolate hydrochloride: another look at the time course of cycloplegia using an objective measure of the accommodative response.

The time course of cycloplegia was measured by monitoring residual accommodation after the application of 1 drop (29.3 microliters) of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride. Three different measures of residual accommodation were made, one objective assessment with an optometer, and two subjective assessments similar to those used by previous investigators.

BCG immunisation in England and Wales: a survey of policy and practice in schoolchildren and neonates.

Objective: To determine the policy and practice of district health authorities in England and Wales for BCG immunisation in schoolchildren and neonates.

Design: Self completion postal questionnaire survey.

Participants: District immunisation coordinators.