Zoonotic linkage and environmental contamination of Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) in dairy farms: A one health perspective.

Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA) is a ubiquitous public health challenge, with its prevalence in human, animal, and environmental interfaces posing significant concerns. This study aimed to characterize and detect the zoonotic linkages of MRSA within the cow-environment-human interfaces in dairy farms to address the One Health perspective. A comprehensive investigation, involving 636 samples (an equal number of raw milk and cow nasal swab samples, along with varying numbers of human nasal swab and environmental samples), revealed an overall MRSA prevalence of 13.

Development of multi epitope subunit vaccines against emerging carp viruses Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 and 3 using immunoinformatics approach.

Cyprinid herpesvirus is a causative agent of a destructive disease in common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), which leads to substantial global financial losses in aquaculture industries. Among the strains of C. herpesvirus, C.

Knowledge, attitudes and biosecurity practices among the small-scale dairy farmers in Sylhet district, Bangladesh.

Background: In the context of zoonosis, Bangladesh's small-scale dairying is yet to frame satisfactory levels due to poor biosecurity practices.

Objectives: This study intended to reveal the degree of knowledge, attitudes and biosecurity practices among Sylhet district, Bangladesh's small-scale dairy farmers. We also focused on the association between biosecurity practices and the incidence of non-specific enteritis in humans.

A review on computational studies and bioinformatics analysis of potential drugs against monkeypox virus.

Monkeypox, a viral disease that is caused by monkeypox virus and occurs mainly in central and western Africa. However, recently it is spreading worldwide and took the focus of the scientific world towards it. Therefore, we made an attempt to cluster all the related information that may make it easy for the researchers to get the information easily and carry out their research smoothly to find prophylaxis against this emerging virus.

Semi-Scavenging Poultry as Carriers of Avian Influenza Genes.

Ducks are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus and the central host for the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which is highly pathogenic. Semi-scavenging domestic ducks allow for the reemergence of new influenza subtypes which could be transmitted to humans. We collected 844 cloacal swabs from semi-scavenging ducks inhabiting seven migratory bird sanctuaries of Bangladesh for the molecular detection of avian influenza genes.

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Cells Suppresses Rhinovirus-Induced Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation by Regulating Th1- and Th17-Type Responses.

Asthma exacerbations are a major cause of intractable morbidity, increases in health care costs, and a greater progressive loss of lung function. Asthma exacerbations are most commonly triggered by respiratory viral infections, particularly with human rhinovirus (hRV). Respiratory viral infections are believed to affect the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a limiting enzyme in tryptophan catabolism, which is presumed to alter asthmatic airway inflammation.

Knowledge, attitude and prevention practices of garment factory workers regarding the largest Dengue outbreak on record in Bangladesh.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and prevention practices (KAP) among the garment factory worker population in Bangladesh regarding a historical dengue outbreak in 2019. A total of 400 participants were selected by simple random sampling, and questionnaire-based interviews were conducted. The average score of knowledge, attitude and prevention practice was 8.

CCR5 attenuates neutrophilic airway inflammation exacerbated by infection with rhinovirus.

Human rhinovirus (hRV) is the most common cause of asthma exacerbation characterized by clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. Steroid-sensitive, Th2 type-eosinophilic asthma has been somewhat studied, but hRV-induced neutrophilic asthma exacerbation is poorly understood. Here, CCR5 was found to play a role in attenuating neutrophilic airway inflammation in hRV-induced asthma exacerbation using chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-based model.

The Interplay between Host Immunity and Respiratory Viral Infection in Asthma Exacerbation.

Asthma is one of the most common and chronic diseases characterized by multidimensional immune responses along with poor prognosis and severity. The heterogeneous nature of asthma may be attributed to a complex interplay between risk factors (either intrinsic or extrinsic) and specific pathogens such as respiratory viruses, and even bacteria. The intrinsic risk factors are highly correlated with asthma exacerbation in host, which may be mediated via genetic polymorphisms, enhanced airway epithelial lysis, apoptosis, and exaggerated viral replication in infected cells, resulting in reduced innate immune response and concomitant reduction of interferon (types I, II, and III) synthesis.

Indispensable Role of CXCR1 Dendritic Cells in Regulation of Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation Through Rapid Development of Antiviral Immunity in Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues.

A coordinated host immune response mediated via chemokine network plays a crucial role in boosting defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections. The speed of Ag presentation and delivery by CD11c dendritic cells (DCs) to cognate T cells in lymphoid tissues may decide the pathological severity of the infection. Here, we investigated the role of CXCR1 in the neuroinflammation induced by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotrophic virus.

Dual TLR2/9 Recognition of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Is Required for Recruitment and Activation of Monocytes and NK Cells and Restriction of Viral Dissemination to the Central Nervous System.

The importance of TLR2 and TLR9 in the recognition of infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HSV-caused diseases has been described, but some discrepancies remain concerning the benefits of these responses. Moreover, the impact of TLR2/9 on innate and adaptive immune responses within relevant mucosal tissues has not been elucidated using natural mucosal infection model of HSV. Here, we demonstrate that dual TLR2/9 recognition is essential to provide resistance against mucosal infection with HSV an intravaginal route.

TLR2/MyD88 pathway-dependent regulation of dendritic cells by dengue virus promotes antibody-dependent enhancement via Th2-biased immunity.

Possible risk mediators in primary dengue virus (DenV) infection that favor secondary DenV infection to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and shock syndrome (DSS) via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) have not yet been described. Here, DenV infection enhanced the expression of inflammatory mediators and activation molecules in dendritic cells (DCs) through TLR2/MyD88 pathway. TLR2 appeared to facilitate DenV infection in DCs that were less permissive than macrophages for viral replication.

Exacerbation of Japanese Encephalitis by CD11c Dendritic Cell Ablation Is Associated with an Imbalance in Regulatory Foxp3 and IL-17CD4 Th17 Cells and in Ly-6C and Ly-6C Monocytes.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is neuroinflammation characterized by uncontrolled infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). We previously demonstrated exacerbation of JE following CD11c dendritic cell (DC) ablation in CD11c-DTR transgenic mice. Moreover, CD11c DC ablation led to abnormal differentiation of CD11bLy-6C monocytes and enhanced permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in promoting the progression of JE.

Ablation of CD11c(hi) dendritic cells exacerbates Japanese encephalitis by regulating blood-brain barrier permeability and altering tight junction/adhesion molecules.

Japanese encephalitis (JE), characterized by extensive neuroinflammation following infection with neurotropic JE virus (JEV), is becoming a leading cause of viral encephalitis due to rapid changes in climate and demography. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in restricting neuroinvasion of peripheral leukocytes and virus, thereby regulating the progression of viral encephalitis. In this study, we explored the role of CD11c(hi) dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating BBB integrity and JE progression using a conditional depletion model of CD11c(hi) DCs.

CCR5 ameliorates Japanese encephalitis via dictating the equilibrium of regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T and IL-17(+)CD4(+) Th17 cells.

Background: CCR5 is a CC chemokine receptor involved in the migration of effector leukocytes including macrophages, NK, and T cells into inflamed tissues. Also, the role of CCR5 in CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) homing has recently begun to grab attention. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is defined as severe neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with mosquito-borne flavivirus JE virus.

CCL2, but not its receptor, is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system-invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) monocytes.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2-CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2- and CCL2-ablated murine models.

Blockage of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulates Japanese encephalitis via enhancement of type I/II IFN innate and adaptive T-cell responses.

Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE), a leading cause of viral encephalitis, is characterized by extensive neuroinflammation following infection with neurotropic JE virus (JEV). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as an enzyme associated with immunoregulatory function. Although the regulatory role of IDO in viral replication has been postulated, the in vivo role of IDO activity has not been fully addressed in neurotropic virus-caused encephalitis.

Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in bovine and human samples: implications for zoonosis.

Aim: To develop emerging diagnostic technique for bovine tuberculosis and to identify its potential risk factors.

Materials & Methods: Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from bovine milk and human sputum samples and subjected to PCR using specific primer pairs. PCR results were validated using bacteriological cultures.

Synthesis, structure, and properties of low-spin manganese(III)-poly(pyrazolyl)borate complexes.

The manganese(III)-bis[poly(pyrazolyl)borate] complexes, Mn(pzb)2SbF6, where pzb- = tetrakis(pyrazolyl)borate (pzTp) (1), hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) (2), or hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate (Tp*) (3), have been synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding Mn(pzb)2 compounds with NOSbF6. The Mn(III) complexes are low-spin in solution and the solid state (microeff = 2.9-3.

Genetically modified cotton and farmers' health in China.

This study provides the first evidence of a direct link between the adoption of a genetically modified (GM) crop and improvements in human health. Estimation of the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton adoption on pesticide use from data from a survey of cotton farmers in northern China, 1999-2001, showed that Bt cotton adoption reduced pesticide use. Assessment of a health-production function showed that predicted pesticide use had a positive impact on poisoning incidence.