mediates autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis to escape host killing.

Brucellosis is a serious zoonosis caused by spp. infection, which not only seriously jeopardizes the health of humans and mammals, but also causes huge economic losses to the livestock industry. is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that relies primarily on its virulence factors and a variety of evolved survival strategies to replicate and proliferate within cells.

Multiple Functions of Hepatitis E Virus ORF3.

Hepatitis E (Hepatitis E, HE) is an acute and chronic infectious hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus (Hepatitis E Virus, HEV) infection, which is responsible for most acute hepatitis in the world and is a significant public health problem. The pathogen, HEV, has three Open Reading Frames (ORFs) ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, each of which has a different function. Most of the current research is focused on ORF1 and ORF2, while the research on ORF3 is still relatively small.