Effects of anti-diabetic drugs on sarcopenia: Best treatment options for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia.

Human life expectancy increases as society becomes more developed. This increased life expectancy poses challenges associated with the rapid aging of the population. Sarcopenia, an age-related disease, has become a worldwide health issue.

The Relationship between Serum Osteocalcin Concentration and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – The Role of Osteocalcin in Energy Metabolism.

Background: Recent animal studies have found that the osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts could participate in glucose and lipid metabolism. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum osteocalcin concentration and glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: 985 patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into the male group (n = 495) and the postmenopausal female group (n = 490).

Levels of inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetes patients with different urinary albumin excretion rates and their correlation with clinical variables.

Although the pathogenetic mechanism of DN has not been elucidated, an inflammatory mechanism has been suggested as a potential contributor. This study was designed to explore the relationship between low-grade inflammation and renal microangiopathy in T2DM. A total of 261 diabetic subjects were divided into three groups according to UAE: a normal albuminuria group, a microalbuminuria group, and a macroalbuminuria group.

[Effect of mycophenolate on expression of MCP-1 and fibronectin in human mesangial cells induced by high glucose].

Aim: To investigate the effect of high glucose and mycophenolate (MMF) on the expression of MCP-1 in human mesangial cells (HMCs) and fibronectin (FN).

Methods: The HMCs were divided randomly into five groups: control group (5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose group (30 mmol/L glucose), mannitol group (5 mmol/L glucose and 25 mmol/L mannitol), high glucose+MMF-10 group (30 mmol/L glucose plus 10 μg/mL mycophenolate) and high glucose+MMF-100 group (30 mmol/L glucose plus 100 μg/mL mycophenolate). We detected the levels of MCP-1 and fibronectin in each group at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively.

The changes of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in T2DM and its clinical significance for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective: To investigate urinary excretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) during the different stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as its clinical significance.

Methods: Sixty-five cases with T2DM were divided into three groups: normoalbuminuric group [N-UAlb; urine albumin excretion (UAE) <30 mg/24 h, n=25], microalbuminuric group [M-UAlb; UAE 30-300 mg/24 h, n=20], and macroalbuminuric group [L-UAlb; UAE >300 mg/ 24 h, n=20]. The urinary excretion rates of PDGF-BB were determined by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all the cases and 27 subjects of control.

Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel.

The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) [1000 mg/(kg body weight.d)].

Clinical significance and different levels of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) is a cytokine that exhibits most potent chemotactic activity toward monocytes. It is suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy by playing a role in infiltration of monocyte/macrophage. Recent studies have demonstrated that urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) is different at different stages of diabetic nephropathy.