High-Throughput Oxford Nanopore Sequencing Unveils Complex Viral Population in Kansas Wheat: Implications for Sustainable Virus Management.

Wheat viruses are major yield-reducing factors, with mixed infections causing substantial economic losses. Determining field virus populations is crucial for effective management and developing virus-resistant cultivars. This study utilized the high-throughput Oxford Nanopore sequencing technique (ONT) to characterize wheat viral populations in major wheat-growing counties of Kansas from 2019 to 2021.

Brome mosaic virus detected in Kansas wheat co-infected with other common wheat viruses.

Wheat breeders are developing new virus-resistant varieties; however, it is assumed that only a few viruses or well-known viruses are present in the field. New sequencing technology is allowing for better determination of natural field virus populations. For three years, 2019-2021, Kansas wheat field surveys were conducted to determine the constituents of natural field virus populations using nanopore sequencing.

Population genomics of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici highlights the role of admixture in the origin of virulent wheat rust races.

Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) causes stem rust disease in wheat that can result in severe yield losses.

Chromosome-specific KASP markers for detecting Amblyopyrum muticum segments in wheat introgression lines.

Many wild-relative species are being used in prebreeding programs to increase the genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genotyping tools such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based arrays and molecular markers have been widely used to characterize wheat-wild relative introgression lines.

Whole-genome sequencing of multiple isolates of Puccinia triticina reveals asexual lineages evolving by recurrent mutations.

The wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina Erikss., is a worldwide pathogen of tetraploid durum and hexaploid wheat. Many races of P.

Resistance to wheat rusts identified in wheat/ chromosome introgressions.

Wheat ( L.) rusts are a worldwide production problem. Plant breeders have used genetic resistance to combat these fungi.

Genotype Groups of the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus in the United States as Determined by Genotyping by Sequencing.

Wheat leaf rust caused by is a widespread disease of wheat in the United States and worldwide. Populations of are characterized by virulence phenotypes that change rapidly because of selection by wheat cultivars with leaf rust resistance genes. The objective of this study was to genotype collections of from 2011 to 2018 in the United States using restriction site-associated genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to determine if recently identified new virulence phenotypes belong to established genotype groups or to groups previously not detected.

A Horizontal Gene Transfer Led to the Acquisition of a Fructan Metabolic Pathway in a Gall Midge.

Animals are thought to use only glucose polymers (glycogen) as energy reserve, whereas both glucose (starch) and fructose polymers (fructans) are used by microbes and plants. Here, it is reported that the gall midge Mayetiola destructor, and likely other herbivorous animal species, gained the ability to utilize dietary fructans directly as storage polysaccharides by a single horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of bacterial levanase/inulinase gene followed by gene expansion and differentiation. Multiple genes encoding levanases/inulinases have their origin in a single HGT event from a bacterium and they show high expression levels and enzymatic activities in different tissues of the gall midge, including nondigestive fat bodies and eggs, both of which contained significant amounts of fructans.

Wheat Virus Identification Within Infected Tissue Using Nanopore Sequencing Technology.

Viral diseases are a limiting factor to wheat production. Viruses are difficult to diagnose in the early stages of disease development and are often confused with nutrient deficiencies or other abiotic problems. Immunological methods are useful to identify viruses, but specific antibodies may not be available or require high virus titer for detection.

Wheat differential gene expression induced by different races of Puccinia triticina.

Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, causes significant losses in wheat yield and quality each year worldwide. During leaf rust infection, the host plant recognizes numerous molecules, some of which trigger host defenses. Although P.

Phenotypic Characterization of Transgenic Wheat Lines Against Fungal Pathogens Puccinia triticina and Fusarium graminearum.

Leaf rust (LR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Puccinia triticina and Fusarium graminearum, respectively, are among the most damaging fungal diseases challenging wheat production worldwide. Genetic resistance in combination with fungicide application has been the most widely employed approach to combat these fungal pathogens. Alternative approaches that could augment current practices are needed for the control of these devastating pathogens.

Highly predictive SNP markers for efficient selection of the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr16.

Background: Lr16 is a widely deployed leaf rust resistance gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is highly effective against the North American Puccinia triticina population when pyramided with the gene Lr34. Lr16 is a seedling leaf rust resistance gene conditioning an incompatible interaction with a distinct necrotic ring surrounding the uredinium.

Comparative Analysis Highlights Variable Genome Content of Wheat Rusts and Divergence of the Mating Loci.

Three members of the genus, (), f.sp. (), and f.

Expression of apoplast-targeted plant defensin MtDef4.2 confers resistance to leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina but does not affect mycorrhizal symbiosis in transgenic wheat.

Rust fungi of the order Pucciniales are destructive pathogens of wheat worldwide. Leaf rust caused by the obligate, biotrophic basidiomycete fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt) is an economically important disease capable of causing up to 50 % yield losses. Historically, resistant wheat cultivars have been used to control leaf rust, but genetic resistance is ephemeral and breaks down with the emergence of new virulent Pt races.

Using RNA Sequencing and In Silico Subtraction to Identify Resistance Gene Analog Markers for Lr16 in Wheat.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most widespread diseases of wheat and breeding for resistance is one of the most effective methods of control. Lr16 is a wheat leaf rust resistance gene (R-gene) that provides resistance at both the seedling and adult stages.

Essential role of eIF5-mimic protein in animal development is linked to control of ATF4 expression.

Translational control of transcription factor ATF4 through paired upstream ORFs (uORFs) plays an important role in eukaryotic gene regulation. While it is typically induced by phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATF4 translation can be also induced by expression of a translational inhibitor protein, eIF5-mimic protein 1 (5MP1, also known as BZW2) in mammals. Here we show that the 5MP gene is maintained in eukaryotes under strong purifying selection, but is uniquely missing in two major phyla, nematoda and ascomycota.

Prevalence of substance misuse in new patients in an outpatient psychiatry clinic using a prescription monitoring program.

Objective: To investigate the value of a prescription monitoring program in identifying prescription drug misuse among patients presenting to a resident physician outpatient psychiatry clinic at an academic medical center.

Method: Participants were 314 new patients aged 18 years or older presenting to the clinic from October 2011 to June 2012. Resident physicians completed a data collection form for each participant using information from the patient interview and from the prescription monitoring program report.

Using transcription of six Puccinia triticina races to identify the effective secretome during infection of wheat.

Wheat leaf rust, caused by the basidiomycete Puccinia triticina, can cause yield losses of up to 20% in wheat producing regions. During infection, the fungus forms haustoria that secrete proteins into the plant cell and effect changes in plant transcription, metabolism, and defense. It is hypothesized that new races emerge as a result of overcoming plant resistance via changes in the secreted effector proteins.

Comparison of On-Road Driving Between Young Adults With and Without ADHD.

Objective: This study compared video recordings from routine driving of ADHD and non-ADHD young adults to identify differences in driving behaviors.

Method: A matched sample of young adult drivers with and without ADHD are compared via blinded ratings of videoed g-force events recorded by DriveCam technology over 3 months of on-road driving.

Results: ADHD drivers were significantly more likely to have more crashes, minor events, and g-force events.

Conserved loci of leaf and stem rust fungi of wheat share synteny interrupted by lineage-specific influx of repeat elements.

Background: Wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks; Pt) and stem rust fungi (P. graminis f.sp.

Triticum mosaic virus Isolates in the Southern Great Plains.

In 2006, a previously unknown wheat (Triticum aestivum) virus was discovered in Western Kansas and given the name Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV). TriMV has since been found in wheat samples isolated all across the Great Plains. Even though it can infect singularly, TriMV is mostly found with Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) as a co-infection.

Gene discovery in EST sequences from the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina sexual spores, asexual spores and haustoria, compared to other rust and corn smut fungi.

Background: Rust fungi are biotrophic basidiomycete plant pathogens that cause major diseases on plants and trees world-wide, affecting agriculture and forestry. Their biotrophic nature precludes many established molecular genetic manipulations and lines of research. The generation of genomic resources for these microbes is leading to novel insights into biology such as interactions with the hosts and guiding directions for breakthrough research in plant pathology.

Occurrence and Yield Effects of Wheat Infected with Triticum mosaic virus in Kansas.

Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) infects wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Great Plains region of the United States. This study determined the occurrence of TriMV at three locations over 3 years and yield effects of wheat mechanically infected with TriMV. Wheat infection with TriMV, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), and the High Plains virus (HPV) was verified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.