The proteomic signature of circulating extracellular vesicles following intracerebral hemorrhage: Novel insights into mechanisms underlying recovery.

Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) can participate in innate repair processes triggered after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to describe changes in the proteomic profile of circulating EVs between the acute and subacute phases of ICH and to compare the findings depending on outcomes, as an approach to unraveling such repair mechanisms. This was a prospective observational study including patients with non-traumatic supratentorial ICH.

Immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles on rainbow trout intestinal cells and splenic leukocytes.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-surrounded vesicles that carry bioactive molecules. Among EVs, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), specifically produced by Gram-negative bacteria, have been extensively characterized and their potential as vaccines, adjuvants or immunotherapeutic agents, broadly explored in mammals. Nonetheless, Gram-positive bacteria can also produce bilayered spherical structures from 20 to 400 nm involved in pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, nutrient uptake and nucleic acid transfer.

Immunomodulatory effects of bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic of aquatic origin on rainbow trout (, Walbaum).

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are a group of bacteria frequently proposed as probiotics in aquaculture, as their administration has shown to confer positive effects on the growth, survival rate to pathogens and immunological status of the fish. In this respect, the production of antimicrobial peptides (referred to as bacteriocins) by LAB is a common trait thoroughly documented, being regarded as a key probiotic antimicrobial strategy. Although some studies have pointed to the direct immunomodulatory effects of these bacteriocins in mammals, this has been largely unexplored in fish.

Search for effective oral adjuvants for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Disease prevention by vaccination is, on economic, environmental and ethical grounds the most appropriate method for pathogen control currently available to the aquaculture sector. However, vaccine administration in aquatic animals faces obvious technical problems not encountered in other land animals. Thus, oral vaccines are highly demanded by the aquaculture sector that requests alternatives to the labor-intensive injectable vaccines that require individual handling of fish, provoking stress-related immunosuppression and handling mortalities.

Expressing the Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus VP2 Protein Retains Its Immunostimulatory Properties and Induces a Specific Antibody Response.

has been documented in the past years as an effective probiotic for different aquacultured species, with recognized beneficial effects on water quality, fish growth and immune status. Furthermore, its potential as a vaccine adjuvant has also been explored in different species. In the current work, we have used spores as delivery vehicles for the presentation of the VP2 protein from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV).

Mechanisms Used by Probiotics to Confer Pathogen Resistance to Teleost Fish.

Probiotics have been defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. The use of probiotics in aquaculture is an attractive bio-friendly method to decrease the impact of infectious diseases, but is still not an extended practice. Although many studies have investigated the systemic and mucosal immunological effects of probiotics, not all of them have established whether they were actually capable of increasing resistance to different types of pathogens, being this the outmost desired goal.

Characterizing the antiviral effect of an ATR inhibitor on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication.

In the search for new antiviral therapies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), several cellular targets are being investigated. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has been implicated in HIV-1 replication, namely during retroviral DNA integration. We studied the effect of the ATR inhibitor ETP-46464 on HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the persistently HIV-1-infected cell line H61-D.