Neuroimaging of Infectious Vasculopathy.

Vasculitis is a complication of several infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system, which may result in ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and aneurysm formation. Infectious agents may directly infect the endothelium causing vasculitis or indirectly affect the vessel wall through an immunological cascade. Clinical manifestations usually overlap with those of noninfectious vascular diseases, making diagnosis challenging.

Vascular Myelopathies.

There are many vascular disorders that can affect the spinal cord, and their prevalence and etiology are highly influenced by age, sex, and risk factors. This article reviews the embryology and anatomy of the spinal cord, as well as several vascular conditions, describing their clinical and imaging presentation, emphasizing the different imaging modalities' contributions to increasing specificity and better defining the most appropriate therapy strategy for improving the patient's prognosis.

Imaging Aspects of Toxic and Metabolic Myelopathies.

Metabolic and toxic myelopathies usually occurs due to several different causes. Metabolic myelopathy usually occurs due to deficiency of a nutrient, such as vitamin B12. Toxic myelopathy occurs secondary to the exposure to an external toxic agent.

Intracranial vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging features of infectious vasculitis.

Vasculitis is a complication of several infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system, which may result in ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and aneurysm formation. The infectious agent may directly infect the endothelium, causing vasculitis, or indirectly affect the vessel wall through an immunological mechanism. The clinical manifestations of these complications usually overlap with those of non-infectious vascular diseases, making diagnosis challenging.

Ischemic stroke with unknown onset of symptoms: current scenario and perspectives for the future.

Background: Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide and a neurological emergency. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are effective in the reperfusion of the parenchyma in distress, but the impossibility to determine the exact time of onset was an important cause of exclusion from treatment until a few years ago.

Objectives: To review the clinical and radiological profile of patients with unknown-onset stroke, the imaging methods to guide the reperfusion treatment, and suggest a protocol for the therapeutic approach.

Arterial Spin Labeling: Techniques, Clinical Applications, and Interpretation.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an emerging noninvasive MRI technique for assessing cerebral perfusion. An important advantage of ASL perfusion is the lack of a requirement for an exogenous tracer. ASL uses magnetically labeled water protons from arterial blood as an endogenous diffusible tracer.

Neurological imaging findings in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational study in two Brazilian reference centers.

Background: A variety of neurological manifestations have been attributed to COVID-19.

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of neurological symptoms and neuroimaging findings in patients hospitalized in two Brazilian reference centers.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 presenting in two hospitals in Brazil between March 4 and July 7, 2020, who underwent brain imaging.

Imaging the External Ear: Practical Approach to Normal and Pathologic Conditions.

The external ear (EE) is an osseous-cartilaginous structure that extends from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. It is divided into two parts: the auricle (or pinna) and the external auditory canal (EAC). Given the ease of access to the EE, imaging studies are not always needed to make a diagnosis.

Case 278: Mutation in Gene-Horizontal Gaze Palsy and Progressive Scoliosis.

HistoryA 13-year-old girl was born to consanguineous parents. She presented with mild intellectual impairment, convergent strabismus, horizontal gaze palsy, and bilateral abducens palsy. Vertical gaze was preserved, and no abnormalities suggesting facial paralysis were noted.

Case 278.

HistoryA 13-year-old girl was born to consanguineous parents. She presented with mild intellectual impairment, convergent strabismus, horizontal gaze palsy, and bilateral abducens palsy. Vertical gaze was preserved, and no abnormalities suggesting facial paralysis were noted.

Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis.

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) deserves special attention because of its impact on cognitive function and development. Although knowledge regarding pediatric MS has rapidly increased, understanding the peculiarities of this population remains crucial for disease management. There is limited expertise about the efficacy and safety of current disease-modifying agents.

Tips and tricks in the diagnosis of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: A pictorial review.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are complex vascular abnormalities that account for 10-15% of intracranial vascular malformations. DAVFs are typically encountered in middle-aged adults, with a slightly female predominance. The causative factors are still uncertain; however, abnormal local hemodynamics and neoangiogenesis related to dural sinus or venous thrombosis can contribute to DAVF occurrence.

Imaging of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Imaging Patterns and Their Differential Diagnosis.

Diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) remains a challenge because of the large variability of the clinical scenario, especially in its early stages, which may mimic several reversible or treatable disorders. The molecular basis of prion disease, as well as its brain propagation and the pathogenesis of the illness, have become better understood in recent decades. Several reports have listed recognizable clinical features and paraclinical tests to supplement the replicable diagnostic criteria in vivo.

Collateral blood vessels in acute ischemic stroke: a physiological window to predict future outcomes.

Collateral circulation is a physiologic pathway that protects the brain against ischemic injury and can potentially bypass the effect of a blocked artery, thereby influencing ischemic lesion size and growth. Several recent stroke trials have provided information about the role of collaterals in stroke pathophysiology, and collateral perfusion has been recognized to influence arterial recanalization, reperfusion, hemorrhagic transformation, and neurological outcomes after stroke. Our current aim is to summarize the anatomy and physiology of the collateral circulation and to present and discuss a comprehensible review of the related knowledge, particularly the effects of collateral circulation on the time course of ischemic injury and stroke severity, as well as imaging findings and therapeutic implications.

Thrombus Features in Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke: A Perspective on Using Length and Density Evaluation.

Background: More insights in the etiopathogenesis of thrombi could be helpful in the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). One of the most confident and early imaging findings of stroke includes arterial hyperdensity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether thrombi's density and length would be useful for predicting their origin.

Multidetector computed tomography angiography in clinically suspected hyperacute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation: an etiological workup in a cohort of Brazilian patients.

Objective: The potential of computed tomography angiography (CTA) was assessed for early determination of stroke subtypes in a Brazilian cohort of patients with stroke.

Method: From July 2011 to July 2013, we selected patients with suspected hyperacute stroke (< 6 hours). Intracranial and cervical arteries were scrutinized on CTA and their imaging features were correlated with concurrent subtype of stroke.