Very old patients in the ICU in Latin America: A narrative review.

The population of very elderly patients (aged 80 years and older) in intensive care units (ICUs) is steadily growing. These patients have unique physiological, cognitive, functional, and social characteristics that affect their entire ICU course. Immobility, delirium, dysphagia, malnutrition, and polypharmacy are among the most common geriatric syndromes in these patients, and they contribute to a higher risk of acute and long-term functional decline and mortality.

Self-Reported Sleep Duration Is a Useful Tool to Predict Sarcopenia in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Longitudinal Study.

Age-related sleep disorders share common pathways with sarcopenia. Prospective data from Latin American populations are scarce, and the association between sleep disorders and sarcopenia in Chileans remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to study the longitudinal association between sleep disorders and sarcopenia in a cohort study of 1116 community-dwelling Chilean older people ≥60 years old from the ALEXANDROS cohorts.

Software-guided (PREVEDEL) cognitive stimulation to prevent delirium in hospitalised older adults: study protocol.

Background: Delirium is a clinical condition characterised by acute and fluctuating deterioration of the cognitive state, generally secondary to an acute pathology. Delirium is associated with negative outcomes in older adults, such as longer hospitalisations, higher mortality, and short and medium-term institutionalisation. Randomised clinical trials have shown that delirium is preventable through non-pharmacological prevention measures, decreasing its incidence by 30-50%.

Cancer History Avoids the Increase of Senescence Markers in Peripheral Cells of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired Patients.

Epidemiological studies show that having a history of cancer protects from the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and vice versa, AD protects from cancer. The mechanism of this mutual protection is unknown. We have reported that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients have increased susceptibility to oxidative cell death compared to control subjects, and from the opposite standpoint a cancer history is associated with increased resistance to oxidative stress cell death in PBMCs, even in those subjects who have cancer history and aMCI (Ca + aMCI).

Non-pharmacological prevention of postoperative delirium by occupational therapy teams: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Patients who develop postoperative delirium (POD) have several clinical complications, such as increased morbidity, increased hospital stays, higher hospital costs, cognitive and functional impairment, and higher mortality. POD is a clinical condition preventable by standard non-pharmacological measures An intensive Occupational Therapy (OT) intervention has been shown to be highly effective in preventing delirium in critically ill medical patients, but it is unknown the effect in surgical patients. Thus, we designed a prospective clinical study with the aim to determine whether patients undergoing intervention by the OT team have a lower incidence of POD compared to the group treated only with standard measures.

Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.

Recent studies suggest that cellular senescence plays a role in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis. We hypothesize that cellular senescence markers might be tracked in the peripheral tissues of AD patients. Senescence hallmarks, including altered metabolism, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response (DDR) and senescence secretory associated phenotype (SASP), were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy controls (HC), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD patients.

The effect of rapamycin and its analogues on age-related musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic review.

Background: Preclinical studies have shown a therapeutic role of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition with rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogues) on several age-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSKD). However, the applicability to humans of these findings is unknown.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of rapalogues on age-related MSKD in humans.

Epidemiology of delirium in hospitalized patients in Latin America: A systematic review.

Background: Accurate epidemiological data are essential for the planning of policies aimed at the identification, prevention, and management of delirium. The reported occurrence of delirium in hospitalized patients varies widely among studies, ranging between 5% to more than 80% in the international literature. The exact occurrence in Latin America is not well described.

Mobile ECMO in COVID-19 patient: case report.

At July 25, 2020, WHO had recorded more than 16.1 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, 1% of them developed critical illness. These patients can experience rapid progression to profound hypoxemia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Osteosarcopenia Predicts Falls, Fractures, and Mortality in Chilean Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of osteosarcopenia and its association with falls, fractures, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults.

Design: Follow-up of ALEXANDROS cohorts designed to study disability associated with obesity in older adults.

Setting And Participants: Community-dwelling people aged 60 years and older living in Chile.

Nicotinamide, a Poly [ADP-Ribose] Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Inhibitor, as an Adjunctive Therapy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) is a key component in the cellular production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and has long been associated with neuronal development, survival and death. Numerous data suggest that nicotinamide may offer therapeutic benefits in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Beyond its effect in NAD stores, nicotinamide is an inhibitor of Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1), an enzyme with multiple cellular functions, including regulation of cell death, energy/metabolism and inflammatory response.

Consolidated framework for advancing implementation science for the implementation process and adherence assessment of a non-pharmacological delirium prevention program.

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of applying the theoretical framework of implementation science for adherence to non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium.

Methods: A quasi-experimental prospective design was conducted from March 2017 to October 2018 in a teaching hospital. Participants included 149 healthcare staff and 72 elderly inpatients.

A software to prevent delirium in hospitalised older adults: development and feasibility assessment.

Background: non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium are useful in hospitalised older adults. However, they are poorly implemented in clinical practice. We aimed to develop a software for bedside use by hospitalised older adults and to improve their access to these interventions.

Inverse Relationship Between Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer: How Immune Checkpoints Might Explain the Mechanisms Underlying Age-Related Diseases.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the adult population. There is evidence of an inverse epidemiological relationship between AD and cancer, another prevalent age-related disease. This has led to hypothesize that there could be a common biological mechanism, deregulated in opposite directions that might explain the phenomenon of mutual protection.

Cancer Imprints an Increased PARP-1 and p53-Dependent Resistance to Oxidative Stress on Lymphocytes of Patients That Later Develop Alzheimer's Disease.

We have proposed that a common biological mechanism deregulated in opposite directions might explain the inverse epidemiological association observed between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. Accordingly, we showed that lymphocytes from AD patients have an increased susceptibility, whereas those from survivors of a skin cancer, an increased resistance to oxidative death induced by hydrogen peroxide (HO), compared to healthy controls (HC). We investigated the susceptibility to HO-induced death of lymphocytes in survivors of any type of cancer and in cancer survivors who later developed AD (Ca&AD).

Local Klotho Enhances Neuronal Progenitor Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus.

Klotho is an aging-related protein associated with hippocampal cognitive performance in mammals. Klotho regulates progenitor cell proliferation in non-neuronal tissues, but its role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has not been explored. Klotho expression in the adult mouse hippocampus was examined by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction.

Vitamin D Increases Aβ140 Plasma Levels and Protects Lymphocytes from Oxidative Death in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients.

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has an increased rate of progression to dementia. Alterations of some metabolic factors, such as deficiency of vitamin D, are a risk factor for cognitive deterioration. Vitamin D is involved in the clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the brain.

PARP-1 and p53 Regulate the Increased Susceptibility to Oxidative Death of Lymphocytes from MCI and AD Patients.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinically detectable initial stage of cognitive deterioration with a high conversion rate to dementia. There is increasing evidence that some of the cerebral alterations present in Alzheimer type dementia can be found in peripheral tissues. We have previously shown that lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have increased susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (HO)-induced death that depends on dementia severity.

Frizzled-1 receptor regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Background: In the adult hippocampus new neurons are continuously generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) present at the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. This process is controlled by Wnt signaling, which plays a complex role in regulating multiple steps of neurogenesis including maintenance, proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells and the development of newborn neurons. Differential effects of Wnt signaling during progression of neurogenesis could be mediated by cell-type specific expression of Wnt receptors.

Increased susceptibility to oxidative death of lymphocytes from Alzheimer patients correlates with dementia severity.

We previously reported on enhanced susceptibility to death of lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and an increased resistance to death in those of patients with a history of skin cancer. This is consistent with our hypothesis proposing that the cellular machinery controlling cell death is deregulated in opposite directions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer, to explain the inverse association observed in epidemiological studies. Here we investigated whether the observed increased susceptibility correlates with the degree of dementia severity.

Inverse susceptibility to oxidative death of lymphocytes obtained from Alzheimer's patients and skin cancer survivors: increased apoptosis in Alzheimer's and reduced necrosis in cancer.

A paucity of cancer in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and low rates of AD in cancer survivors has been reported in epidemiological studies. Deregulation in opposite directions of biological mechanisms, such as susceptibility to cell death, might be shared in the two disorders. We analyzed lymphocytes from AD and skin cancer patients as well as healthy controls and found significantly increased vulnerability of AD lymphocytes to H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic death and higher resistance to death of skin cancer lymphocytes, due to reduced necrosis, as compared with healthy controls by pairwise comparisons adjusted for age and sex.

Age-dependent increases in apoptosis/necrosis ratios in human lymphocytes exposed to oxidative stress.

Unlike apoptosis, mechanisms leading to necrosis are less well understood. Moreover, changes in necrosis as a function of age have not been studied in human lymphocytes. H(2)O(2)-induced death of peripheral lymphocytes (56 healthy donors, 24-95 years) was evaluated by flow cytometry and propidium iodide staining, caspase activation, DNA laddering, and electron microscopy.