Use of non-invasive stimulation in movement disorders: a critical review.

Background: Noninvasive stimulation has been widely used in the past 30 years to study and treat a large number of neurological diseases, including movement disorders.

Objective: In this critical review, we illustrate the rationale for use of these techniques in movement disorders and summarize the best medical evidence based on the main clinical trials performed to date.

Methods: A nationally representative group of experts performed a comprehensive review of the literature in order to analyze the key clinical decision-making factors driving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in movement disorders.

Idiopathic delayed-onset edema surrounding deep brain stimulation leads: Insights from a case series and systematic literature review.

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective for some neurological and psychiatric conditions. Idiopathic delayed-onset edema (IDE) surrounding the leads has been anecdotally reported. The etiology, predisposing factors and prognosis of this complication are unknown.