Sex differences in the predictors of skeletal muscle microvascular reactivity in older individuals.

Aging is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and vascular dysfunction. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability is considered one of the key mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in large arteries of older adults. However, the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors, nitric oxide bioavailability, and skeletal muscle microvascular reactivity, an early hallmark in cardiovascular disease progression, is unclear in older individuals.

Adipokines as Predictive Biomarkers for Training Adaptation in Subjects with Multimorbidity-A Hypothesis-Generating Study.

Background: Physical exercise exerts a positive effect on many chronic conditions, specifically lifestyle-related diseases such as overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular conditions and osteoarthritis (OA). As a result of common risk factors, most of these patients present with multiple conditions. Exercise- and disease-related biomarkers, such as adipokines, are emerging tools in training supervision and regulation; however, their significance in subjects with multimorbidities is unknown.

An undergraduate laboratory to study exercise thresholds.

In exercise physiology, laboratory components help students connect theoretical concepts to their own exercise experiences and introduce them to data collection, analysis, and interpretation using classic techniques. Most courses include a lab protocol that involves exhaustive incremental exercise during which expired gas volumes and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured. During these protocols, there are characteristic alterations in gas exchange and ventilatory profiles that give rise to two exercise thresholds: the gas exchange threshold (GET) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP).

Skeletal Muscle MicroRNA Patterns in Response to a Single Bout of Exercise in Females: Biomarkers for Subsequent Training Adaptation?

microRNAs (miRs) have been proposed as a promising new class of biomarkers in the context of training adaptation. Using microarray analysis, we studied skeletal muscle miR patterns in sedentary young healthy females ( = 6) before and after a single submaximal bout of endurance exercise ('reference training'). Subsequently, participants were subjected to a structured training program, consisting of six weeks of moderate-intensity continuous endurance training (MICT) and six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in randomized order.

Transient speeding of V̇O kinetics following acute sessions of sprint interval training: Similar exercise dose but different outcomes in older and young adults.

An acute session of sprint interval training (SIT) is a potent stimulus for the metabolic and cardiovascular systems. However, the feasibility of SIT in older adults and its effectiveness to acutely improve aerobic function by transiently accelerating the rate of adjustment of oxidative phosphorylation quantified by V̇O kinetics (τV̇O) are unknown. This study evaluated the time course of changes of τV̇O in response to different doses of SIT in older inactive adults compared to their young counterparts.

miRNAs as markers for the development of individualized training regimens: A pilot study.

Small, non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) have been shown to regulate gene expression in response to exercise in various tissues and organs, thus possibly coordinating their adaptive response. Thus, it is likely that differential microRNA expression might be one of the factors that are responsible for different training responses of different individuals. Consequently, determining microRNA patterns might be a promising approach toward the development of individualized training strategies.

Identification of Non-Invasive Exercise Thresholds: Methods, Strategies, and an Online App.

During incremental exercise, two thresholds may be identified from standard gas exchange and ventilatory measurements. The first signifies the onset of blood lactate accumulation (the lactate threshold, LT) and the second the onset of metabolic acidosis (the respiratory compensation point, RCP). The ability to explain why these thresholds occur and how they are identified, non-invasively, from pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory variables is fundamental to the field of exercise physiology and requisite to the understanding of core concepts including exercise intensity, assessment, prescription, and performance.

Does Fit Mean (f)it? A Comparison of Physiological and Experiential Fitness Data From the iReAct Study.

Regular exercise fosters fitness-enhancing benefits. We assume that exercise interventions become successful and sustainable if physiological benefits of exercise are also subjectively perceivable. The goal of this study was to examine how young inactive adults to an exercise intervention and how those responses are .

Different Endurance Exercise Modalities, Different Affective Response: A Within-Subject Study.

Affect experienced during an exercise session is supposed to predict future exercise behavior. However, empirical evidence reveals high variability in affective response to different exercise modalities. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to compare acute affective response and its variation during three different endurance exercise modalities: (a) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), (b) vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE), and (c) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE).

Responders and non-responders to aerobic exercise training: beyond the evaluation of .

The evaluation of the maximal oxygen uptake ( ) following exercise training is the classical assessment of training effectiveness. Research has lacked in investigating whether individuals that do not respond to the training intervention ( ), also do not improve in other health-related parameters. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations (i.

Individual cardiovascular responsiveness to work-matched exercise within the moderate- and severe-intensity domains.

Purpose: We investigated the cardiovascular individual response to 6 weeks (3×/week) of work-matched within the severe-intensity domain (high-intensity interval training, HIIT) or moderate-intensity domain (moderate-intensity continuous training, MICT). In addition, we analyzed the cardiovascular factors at baseline underlying the response variability.

Methods: 42 healthy sedentary participants were randomly assigned to HIIT or MICT.

Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function.

Methods: Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE.

The iReAct study - A biopsychosocial analysis of the individual response to physical activity.

Background: Physical activity is a substantial promoter for health and well-being. Yet, while an increasing number of studies shows that the responsiveness to physical activity is highly individual, most studies focus this issue from only one perspective and neglect other contributing aspects. In reference to a biopsychosocial framework, the goal of our study is to examine how physically inactive individuals respond to two distinct standardized endurance trainings on various levels.

An equation to predict the maximal lactate steady state from ramp-incremental exercise test data in cycling.

Objectives: The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) represents the highest exercise intensity at which an elevated blood lactate concentration ([Lac]) is stabilized above resting values. MLSS quantifies the boundary between the heavy-to-very-heavy intensity domains but its determination is not widely performed due to the number of trials required.

Design: This study aimed to: (i) develop a mathematical equation capable of predicting MLSS using variables measured during a single ramp-incremental cycling test and (ii) test the accuracy of the optimized mathematical equation.

Sex differences in a chronometric mental rotation test with cube figures: a behavioral, electroencephalography, and eye-tracking pilot study.

In chronometric mental rotation tasks, sex differences are widely discussed. Most studies find men to be more skilled in mental rotation than women, which can be explained by the holistic strategy that they use to rotate stimuli. Women are believed to apply a piecemeal strategy.

Critical power: How different protocols and models affect its determination.

Unlabelled: In cycling, critical power (CP) and work above CP (W') can be estimated through linear and nonlinear models. Despite the concept of CP representing the upper boundary of sustainable exercise, overestimations may be made as the models possess inherent limitations and the protocol design is not always appropriate.

Objectives: To measure and compare CP and W' through the exponential (CP), 3-parameter hyperbolic (CP), 2-parameter hyperbolic (CP), linear (CP), and linear 1/time (CP) models, using different combinations of TTE trials of different durations (approximately 1-20min).

Faster V̇O kinetics after priming exercises of different duration but same fatigue.

This study compared the responses of two priming exercises of similar fatigue on the adjustment of the oxygen uptake time constant (τV̇O) in cycling. Ten healthy young adults (25 ± 3 yr) performed: three step transitions from a 20-W baseline to the power output (PO) below the gas exchange threshold (MOD, MOD); a 3-min bout (P) at 90% of peak PO (PO), followed by MOD (MOD); and a 6-min bout (P) at 80% of PO followed by MOD (MOD). The O supply-to-O demand ([HHb]/V̇O) ratio was calculated for MOD, MOD, and MOD.

The relationship between oxygen uptake kinetics and neuromuscular fatigue in high-intensity cycling exercise.

Purpose: In theory, a slow oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics leads to a greater accumulation of anaerobic by-products, which can, in turn, induce more neuromuscular fatigue. However, the existence of this relationship has never been tested.

Methods: After two sessions to measure peak [Formula: see text], peak power output (PO), and [Formula: see text] kinetics responses in the unfatigued state (τ [Formula: see text] MOD), 10 healthy young adults performed a 6-min cycling bout at 80% PO (INT).

Critical power testing or self-selected cycling: Which one is the best predictor of maximal metabolic steady-state?

Unlabelled: Critical power (CP) demarcates the boundary between heavy and very heavy exercise intensity domains, and therefore, the power output (PO) that can be sustained at the maximal metabolic steady-state during constant-PO exercise (i.e., maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS)).

The near-infrared spectroscopy-derived deoxygenated haemoglobin breaking-point is a repeatable measure that demarcates exercise intensity domains.

Objectives: A breaking-point in the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived deoxygenated haemoglobin ([HHb]) profile towards the end of a ramp incremental (RI) cycling test has been associated to the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Despite the physiological value of this measure, its repeatability remains unknown. The aim was to examine the repeatability of the [HHb] breaking-point ([HHb]BP) and its association to RCP during a RI cycling test.

Can measures of critical power precisely estimate the maximal metabolic steady-state?

Critical power (CP) conceptually represents the highest power output (PO) at physiological steady-state. In cycling exercise, CP is traditionally derived from the hyperbolic relationship of ∼5 time-to-exhaustion trials (TTE) (CP). Recently, a 3-min all-out test (CP) has been proposed for estimation of CP as well the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS).