Metabolic monitoring via on-line analysis of C-enriched carbon dioxide in exhaled mouse breath using substrate-integrated hollow waveguide infrared spectroscopy and luminescence sensing combined with Bayesian sampling.

In studies that target specific functions or organs, the response is often overlaid by indirect effects of the intervention on global metabolism. The metabolic side of these interactions can be assessed based on total energy expenditure (TEE) and the contributions of the principal energy sources, carbohydrates, proteins and fat to whole body CO production. These parameters can be identified from indirect calorimetry using respiratory oxygen intake and CO dioxide production data that are combined with the response of the CO release in the expired air and the glucose tracer enrichment in plasma following a C glucose stable isotope infusion.

Strategies for C enrichment calculation in Fourier-transform infrared CO spectra containing spectral overlapping and nonlinear abundance-amount relations utilizing response surface fits.

The metabolism can be explored via C labeling of biological active substances and subsequent quantification of C enrichment in the exhaled carbon dioxide in breath. The resulting tracer enrichment values can be determined by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), since different CO isotopologues result in distinct absorption lines in the spectrum.The corresponding determination poses two challenges: first, FTIR absorbance can contain a nonlinear relationship between analyte amount and spectral signal and second, the spectral peaks for the different isotopologues overlap.

Online monitoring of carbon dioxide and oxygen in exhaled mouse breath via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide Fourier-transform infrared-luminescence spectroscopy.

Exhaled breath offers monitoring bio markers, as well as diagnosing diseases and therapeutic interventions. In addition, vital functions may be non-invasively monitored online. Animal models are frequently used in research for determining novel therapeutic approaches and/or for investigating biological pathways.

Fiber-Coupled Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides: An Innovative Approach to Mid-infrared Remote Gas Sensors.

In this study, an innovative approach based on fiberoptically coupled substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) gas cells for the analysis of low sample volumes suitable for remote broad- and narrow-band mid-infrared (MIR; 2.5-20 μm) sensing applications is reported. The feasibility of remotely addressing iHWG gas cells, configured in a double-pass geometry via a reflector, by direct coupling to a 7-around-1 mid-infrared fiber bundle is demonstrated, facilitating low-level hydrocarbon gas analysis.

Response-surface fits and calibration transfer for the correction of the oxygen effect in the quantification of carbon dioxide via FTIR spectroscopy.

During routine Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) based quantification of carbon dioxide in breath, it is necessary to account for a non-linear signal response to the analyte concentration and disturbance factors arising from the gas background matrix. These factors as well as day-to-day fluctuation should be corrected via calibration. We present a novel strategy to combine the information of previous calibrations with a minimal number of actual calibration measurements to obtain a precise calibration.

Nonlinear calibration transfer based on hierarchical Bayesian models and Lagrange Multipliers: Error bounds of estimates via Monte Carlo - Markov Chain sampling.

The calibration of analytical systems is time-consuming and the effort for daily calibration routines should therefore be minimized, while maintaining the analytical accuracy and precision. The 'calibration transfer' approach proposes to combine calibration data already recorded with actual calibrations measurements. However, this strategy was developed for the multivariate, linear analysis of spectroscopic data, and thus, cannot be applied to sensors with a single response channel and/or a non-linear relationship between signal and desired analytical concentration.

Multivariate determination of 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in exhaled mouse breath with mid-infrared hollow waveguide gas sensors.

The (12)CO2/(13)CO2 isotope ratio is a well-known marker in breath for a variety of biochemical processes and enables monitoring, e.g., of the glucose metabolism during sepsis.

A mobile instrumentation platform to distinguish airway disorders.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are distinct but clinically overlapping airway disorders which often create diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Current strategies to discriminate these diseases are limited by insensitivity and poor performance due to biologic variability. We tested the hypothesis that a gas chromatograph/differential mobility spectrometer (GC/DMS) sensor could distinguish between clinically well-defined groups with airway disorders based on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from exhaled breath.

Breath analysis with broadly tunable quantum cascade lasers.

With the availability of broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs), particularly bright mid-infrared (MIR; 3-20 μm) light sources are available offering high spectral brightness along with an analytically relevant spectral tuning range of >2 μm. Accurate isotope ratio determination of (12)CO2 and (13)CO2 in exhaled breath is of critical importance in the field of breath analysis, which may be addressed via measurements in the MIR spectral regime. Here, we combine for the first time an EC-QCL tunable across the (12)CO2/(13)CO2 spectral band with a miniaturized hollow waveguide gas cell for quantitatively determining the (12)CO2/(13)CO2 ratio within the exhaled breath of mice.

Toward the quantification of the 13CO2/12CO2 ratio in exhaled mouse breath with mid-infrared hollow waveguide gas sensors.

Mouse sepsis models are used to gain insight into the complex processes involved with patients suffering from glucose metabolism disorders. Measuring the expiratory release of (13)CO(2) after administering stable labeled (13)C(6)-glucose enables assessment of the in vivo integrity and functionality of key metabolic processes. In the present study, we demonstrate that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy operating in the mid-infrared spectral regime (2-20 μm) combined with hollow waveguide gas sensing modules simultaneously serving as a miniaturized gas cell and as a waveguide are capable of quantitatively monitoring (13)CO(2) enrichment levels in low volume mouse breath samples.