Measuring teachers' readiness to use ICT before the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.

This study seeks to measure teachers' readiness to use ICT in Italy by exploiting the data collected by the National Institute for the evaluation of education and training system (INVALSI) in 2018-2019. We propose a fuzzy set approach to provide a multidimensional picture of how much teachers were ready to integrate ICTs into educational practice. In addition, we use empirical bootstrap intervals to test whether significant differences exist in teacher readiness over several personal and socioeconomic characteristics.