Impaired aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 subfamily member 2A-dependent retinoic acid signaling is related with a mesenchymal-like phenotype and an unfavorable prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: An inverse correlation between expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and gene promoter methylation has been identified as a common feature of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Moreover, low ALDH1A2 expression was associated with an unfavorable prognosis of OPSCC patients, however the causal link between reduced ALDH1A2 function and treatment failure has not been addressed so far.

Methods: Serial sections from tissue microarrays of patients with primary OPSCC (n = 101) were stained by immunohistochemistry for key regulators of retinoic acid (RA) signaling, including ALDH1A2.

Administration of bleomycin via the oropharyngeal aspiration route leads to sustained lung fibrosis in mice and rats as quantified by UTE-MRI and histology.

Pulmonary fibrosis can be experimentally induced in small rodents by bleomycin. The antibiotic is usually administered via the intratracheal or intranasal routes. In the present study, we investigated the oropharyngeal aspiration of bleomycin as an alternative route for the induction of lung fibrosis in rats and mice.

Dapoxetine for premature ejaculation.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common form of male sexual dysfunction, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 20–30%.1 Although PE is not life threatening, it has significant impact on quality of life. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)defines PE as “persistent or recurrent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it” that “causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty” and “is not due exclusively to the direct effects of a substance.

[Shoulder dystocia from a legal standpoint].

Even though a shoulder dystocia occurs very seldom it plays an important part in obstetrical medical opinions since it is quite often associated with infant plexus brachialis injuries. In legal medical discussions it is necessary to determine whether there were certain antepartal risks, if diagnosis and therapy were carried out correctly and whether a shoulder dystocia resp. plexus brachialis injury could have been prevented.

[Breech presentation in obstetrics in Germany--an assessment of current status].

Nowadays, the CS seems to be the most favourite way of delivery in case of breech presentation. Our opinion is that the vaginal delivery has no disadvantage for the physical and mental development of the newborns [11, 12]. The outcome depends on the set-up and organisation of each department.

[Damage to the brachial plexus in vaginal delivery from breech presentation--correlation with reducing the extended arm].

Background: Brachial plexus injuries in foetuses delivered spontaneously by breech presentation is very rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of brachial plexus injuries in connection with the rate of the reduction of the extended arm.

Materials And Methods: In our retrospective study we examined 1194 vaginally intended breech deliveries (> 32 completed weeks) for the frequency of extended arms and subsequent plexus brachialis palsies.

[What effect does leg position in breech presentation have on mode of delivery and early neonatal morbidity?].

The objective of the present study is to establish whether the position of the legs in breech presentation deliveries affects the vaginal or abdominal mode of surgical delivery and the early neonatal morbidity. The patient population investigated (n = 266) comprised 163 primiparae (61.3%) and 103 multiparae (38.

[Deciding criteria for vaginal delivery from breech presentation--effect on neonatal early and late morbidity].

In the past 20 years, breech presentation obstetrics has been characterised mainly by the work of Kubli (1975): "The safest and most simple way to prevent the foetal obstetric risk of breech presentation is the systematic Caesarean section." In the past, this resulted in judicial decisions in which due to vaginal delivery a child has been damaged and the doctor has been reproached for not performing a Caesarean section. In the report of the "Standardkommission BEL" (1983) as well as in the Guidelines for the Management of Breech Delivery (FIGO 1993), subtile criteria of decision were demanded for the vaginal delivery method.

[Breech presentation--information, anxiety and pattern of expectations of established obstetricians and pregnant patients. 2: Results of a survey of women with breech presentation].

The frequency of caesarean section is increasing. A corresponding reason for this development is the increasing quota of primary caesarean section in patients with breech presentation. The aim of this study was to extend the expectation- fear- and information-profile in these patients and therefore the influence on the caesarean section rate.

[Mortality and morbidity of small premature infants (<1,500 g) in relation to presentation and delivery mode].

It is generally recommended in the literature that small premature babies with an expected weight of < 1500 g or < 32 WOP be delivered by cesarean section. The development of some of these small babies from the uterine muscle is very time-consuming and rough. For this reason, we have established the mode of the delivery at the Nuremberg Women's Hospital on the basis of the criteria which also applies to the delivery of mature term babies irrespective of the gestational age and irrespective of their presentation.

[Puerperal inhibition of lactation with metergoline or bromocriptine].

In a controlled, randomised, prospective, clinical study, the effect of prolactin suppression and clinical course of the lactation suppressors Bromocriptine and Metergoline were investigated. During 7 months 150 patients were studied. 81 of those patients, who did not nurse, were treated by Bromocriptine (primary lactation suppression: n = 62, secondary suppression: n = 19) and 69 of the patients were treated by Metergoline (primary suppression: n = 54, secondary suppression: n = 15).

[Prenatal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome--indications for abortion or transplantation?].

Early diagnosis of fetal cardiac malformations in center of Perinatal Medicine is now possible with the use of modern high frequency ultrasound technics in combination with the 3-step-program of the DEGUM. The diagnosis of most cardiac malformations can early already be obtained in the 2nd trimester as for example the lethal hypoplastic left ventricle syndrome. We want to discuss the problem of prenatal diagnosis of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome and the possibilities of therapeutic procedures.

[Breech presentation--information, anxiety and expectations of established obstetricians and pregnant patients. 1: Results of a survey of established obstetricians].

In a anonymous questionnaire we studied the advise of gynecologists to breech presented pregnant women in the area around Nürnberg-Fürth-Erlangen in Germany. 61.5% of gynecologists participated the study, 71.

[Vaginal delivery in breech presentation does not increase early newborn morbidity. Results of 423 infants with breech presentation 1988-1992].

423 deliveries by breech presentation (1988-1992), delivered by vaginally or abdominally management, were analysed. 72 preterm (32nd to 36th gestational week) and 351 term labours were studied. In 239/423 (56.

["Facing"--a preliminary parameter in diagnosis of fetal skeletal abnormalities].

Four cases with abnormalities of foetal faces are demonstrated--thanatophoric dwarfism, cheilognathopalotoschisis, osteogenesis imperfecta, achondrogenesis (Type I). A relationship to skeletal dysplasia was shown. We think, that the representation of foetal faces and their profile plays an important part in second trimester ultrasound screening between 18 and 22 weeks of gestational age.

[Obstetric and ethical-legal problems in a twin pregnancy with anencephalus and polyhydramnios of the leading twin beyond the 28th week of pregnancy].

Malformations are found twice as often in twins than in singletons. In the following case, we report on a twin pregnancy with anencephaly and polyhydramnion of the leading twin I, which was first diagnosed after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The foetal disease of twin I led to an appreciable dyspnoea of the mother that exacerbated to an incipient respiratory failure by the thirty-second week of pregnancy.