Wireless electrochemiluminescence at functionalised gold microparticles using 3D titanium electrode arrays.

Wireless electrochemiluminescence is generated using interdigitated, 3D printed, titanium arrays as feeder electrodes to shape the electric field. Gold microparticles (45 μm diameter), functionalised with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, act as micro-emitters to generate electrochemiluminescence from [Ru(bpy)3]2+, (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine) where the co-reactant is tripropylamine. The oxide coated titanium allows intense electric fields, whose distribution depends on the geometry of the array, to be created in the absence of deliberately added electrolyte.