Early treated HIV-infected children remain at risk of growth retardation during the first five years of life: Results from the ANRS-PEDIACAM cohort in Cameroon.

Background: Long-term growth in HIV-infected infants treated early in resource-limited settings is poorly documented. Incidence of growth retardation, instantaneous risk of death related to malnutrition and growth parameters evolution during the first five years of life of uninfected and early treated HIV-infected children were compared and associated factors with growth retardation were identified.

Methods: Weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), and length-for-age (LAZ) Z-scores were calculated.

[A no scarring persistent skin lesion for 3 years pyoderma gangrenosum].

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare non-infectious neutrophilic dermatosis often unknowed. It usually presents with inflammatory skin ulcer, very painful, with rapid evolution. It is commonly found in a context of malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic and/or haematological disease.

Low rate of early vertical transmission of HIV supports the feasibility of effective implementation of the national PMTCT guidelines in routine practice of referral hospitals in Cameroon.

: Vertical (VT) transmission of HIV remains a public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. : To investigate the VT rate and factors associated with transmission in routine practice in three referral hospitals in Cameroon. : All HIV-infected mothers who delivered in maternity wards or sought paediatric services during the first postnatal week from November 2007 to October 2010 were invited to participate in the ANRS-Pediacam cohort.

Experimental investigation of Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow at low Taylor and Reynolds numbers.

Flow patterns of a Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow were studied at low axial Reynolds and rotational Taylor numbers (Re ≤ 10.5, Ta ≤ 319). The radius ratio of the inner and outer cylinders was 0.

Management and prevention of imported malaria in children. Update of the French guidelines.

Since the 2007 French guidelines on imported Falciparum malaria, the epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of malaria have changed considerably requiring guidelines for all Plasmodium species to be updated. Over the past decade, the incidence of imported malaria has decreased in all age groups, reflecting the decrease in the incidence of malaria in endemic areas. The rates of severe pediatric cases have increased as in adults, but fatalities are rare.

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Levels Are Reduced in the Peripheral Blood and Lungs of Children With Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, semi-invariant T lymphocytes that recognize microbial-derived vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related (MR1) molecule. Upon microbial infection, MAIT cells rapidly produce cytokines and cytotoxic effectors, and are thus important players in anti-microbial defense. MAIT cells are protective in experimental models of infection and are decreased in the blood of adult patients with bacterial infections, including ().

A Systematic Review of the Short-Term Health Effects of Air Pollution in Persons Living with Coronary Heart Disease.

Persons living with chronic medical conditions (such as coronary artery disease (CAD)) are thought to be at increased risk when exposed to air pollution. This systematic review critically evaluated the short-term health effects of air pollution in persons living with CAD. Original research articles were retrieved systematically through searching electronic databases (e.

Liver Enzyme Elevation in Pregnant Women Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in the ANRS-French Perinatal Cohort.

Background: High rates of liver enzyme elevation (LEE) in women receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) during pregnancy have been reported, but causes remain unclear. We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of LEE in a national prospective multicenter cohort.

Methods: We studied 5748 pregnant women living with HIV enrolled in the French Perinatal Cohort 2005-2014, treated with ART, with no active hepatitis B or C coinfection.

Understanding 'missed appointments' for pills and injectables: a mixed methods study in Senegal.

Introduction: High discontinuation rates of contraceptive methods have been documented in sub-Saharan Africa. However, little is known about gaps within individual episodes of method use, despite their implications for unintended pregnancies. The objective of this mixed methods study was to examine the prevalence of, and explore the factors contributing to, delays in repeat appointments for pills and injectables in Senegal.

Disability in inflammatory bowel disease patients is associated with race, ethnicity and socio-economic factors.

Background: Race, ethnicity and socio-economic status impact clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, their impact on disability has not been studied.

Aim: To determine the association between race, ethnicity and socio-economic factors with disability in IBD, using the validated IBD disability index (IBD-DI).

Does Changing Antiretroviral Therapy in the First Trimester of Pregnancy for Safety Concerns Have an Impact on Viral Suppression?

Objective: To determine whether changing antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy because of concern about fetal risks led to poorer virological outcomes.

Methods: All pregnancies in women with HIV-1 infection enrolled in the national multicenter prospective French Perinatal cohort at 14 week gestation or more were included between January 2005 and December 2015, if the mother was on ART at conception with a plasma viral load <50 copies/mL. The reasons for a change in the ART were analyzed according to treatment guidelines at the time of the pregnancy and defined as for safety concerns in the absence of reported maternal intolerance.

Practical generic guidelines for paediatric-to-adult transition for adolescents with chronic disease.

Background: The last 20 years have seen many attempts to improve transition to adult healthcare for adolescents with chronic disease, but there is currently no established consensus on generic practices. Our goal was to identify relevant and pragmatic guidelines for transition practice for each step of this process (before, during and after transfer), applicable to a wide range of chronic illnesses and health services, via a participatory approach involving all the key stakeholders.

Methods: We conducted interviews and a literature review to elaborate a questionnaire for use in an online 2-round Delphi survey.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected and uninfected African children.

Objective: HIV infection is associated with cognitive impairments, but outcomes are poorly explored in children starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) early or in those exposed but uninfected.

Design: Nested cross-sectional evaluation of the neurocognitive and behavioural outcomes of HIV-infected, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HUU) Cameroonian children at age 4-9 years prospectively followed.

Methods: Cognitive development was assessed in 127 HIV-infected, 101 HEU, 110 HUU children using the KABC-II, neurologic dysfunction using the Touwen examination and behavioural difficulties using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Climate change to severely impact West African basin scale irrigation in 2 °C and 1.5 °C global warming scenarios.

West Africa is in general limited to rainfed agriculture. It lacks irrigation opportunities and technologies that are applied in many economically developed nations. A warming climate along with an increasing population and wealth has the potential to further strain the region's potential to meet future food needs.

Assessment of General Public's Knowledge and Opinions towards Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Urban Setting, Rufisque, Senegal.

Bacterial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide. One solution to this scourge is to sensitize the general public on rational use of antibiotics. Our goal was to assess people's knowledge and opinions about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in an urban setting.

Potentially preventable tuberculosis cases in children exposed to a contaminant case.

Early screening is recommended in children exposed to a contagious case of tuberculosis (TB), to prevent rapid progression to active TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of potentially preventable cases of pediatric TB stemming from inadequate screening. The data gathered on children aged 0 to 10 years, who were evaluated by the Paris Center for TB Control (CLAT75) between January 2009 and December 2013, were extracted and retrospectively analyzed.

Clozapine-induced bicytopenia: An unusual side effect.

Agranulocytosis is a rare documented side effect of clozapine which can be associated with grave consequences. When it is associated with other blood dyscrasia, prognosis worsens further. In literature, there are very few cases of pancytopenia and bicytopenia caused by clozapine.

Enteric fever among children: 50 cases in a French tertiary care centre.

Background: Enteric fever in France is primarily travel-associated. Characteristics of paediatric cases are scarce and information from field studies in endemic countries might not be generalizable to non-endemic countries.

Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed all cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever treated in a French paediatric tertiary care centre from 1993 to 2015.

Impact of social deprivation on length of stay for common infectious diseases in two French university-affiliated general pediatric departments.

Background: Adult deprived patients consume more healthcare resources than others, particularly in terms of increased length of stay (LOS) and costs. Very few pediatric studies have focused on LOS, although the effect of deprivation could be greater in children due to the vulnerability of this population. Our objective was to compare LOS between deprived and nondeprived children hospitalized for acute infectious diseases in two university-affiliated pediatric departments located in a low-income area of northern Paris.

Estimating daily evaporation from poorly-monitored lakes using limited meteorological data: A case study within Qaraoun dam - Lebanon.

Open water evaporation is influenced by several meteorological parameters such as: irradiance, soil temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed. However, dealing with that matter, in a case of measurements scarcity, is a challenging task. To overcome this problem, the authors sought a less-dimensional method to estimate lake evaporation.

Kawasaki disease: abnormal initial echocardiogram is associated with resistance to IV Ig and development of coronary artery lesions.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels. Intensified treatments for the most severely affected patients have been proposed recently, and the early identification of KD patients at high risk for coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) is crucial. However, the risk scoring systems developed in Japan have not been validated in European populations, and little data is available concerning the link between initial echocardiogram findings other than high z-scores and cardiac prognosis.

Multiplex PCR reveals a high prevalence of multiple pathogens in traveller's diarrhoea in children.

Objective: Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is one of the most frequent illnesses affecting children returning from tropical countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of pathogens associated with TD in children using a multiplex PCR assay on stool samples.

Design: All the children admitted for TD in two university hospitals from 1 August to 15October during 2014 and 2015 were included in a prospective study.

Low Rates of Screening for Celiac Disease Among Family Members.

Background & Aims: Given the increased morbidity and potential mortality of celiac disease, guidelines recommend screening high-risk individuals, including first-degree relatives of patients. We assessed how commonly celiac disease testing occurs in these individuals and identified factors that influence testing.

Methods: Relatives of 2081 patients with biopsy-diagnosed celiac disease and followed up at Columbia University Medical Center were identified using relationship inference from the electronic health record-a validated method that uses emergency contact information to identify familial relationships.

Analysis of the impact of corticosteroids adjuvant treatment during experimental invasive meningococcal infection in mice.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is usually associated with intense inflammatory response that is correlated with severe infection. Corticosteroids may regulate this inflammatory response through an early but transient induction of IL-10 that is suggested to improve the outcome of IMD. We explored the mechanism of action of corticosteroids as an adjuvant treatment to antibiotics.