Helpful or harmful? The effect of a diagnostic label and its later retraction on person impressions.

Diagnostic labels for mental health conditions can inadvertently reinforce harmful stereotypes and exacerbate stigma. If a diagnosis is incorrect and a label is wrongly applied, this may negatively impact person impressions even if the inaccurate label is later corrected. This registered report examined this issue.

Self-certification: A novel method for increasing sharing discernment on social media.

The proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms has given rise to growing demands for effective intervention strategies that increase sharing discernment (i.e. increase the difference in the probability of sharing true posts relative to the probability of sharing false posts).

ChatGPT's advice is perceived as better than that of professional advice columnists.

ChatGPT is a high-performance large language model that has the potential to significantly improve human-computer interactions. It can provide advice on a range of topics, but it is unclear how good this advice is relative to that provided by competent humans, especially in situations where empathy is required. Here, we report the first investigation of whether ChatGPT's responses are perceived as better than those of humans in a task where humans were attempting to be empathetic.

Natural Product Synthesis: The Endless Quest for Unreachable Perfection.

Total synthesis is a field in constant progress. Its practitioners aim to develop ideal synthetic strategies to build complex molecules. As such, they are both a driving force and a showcase of the progress of organic synthesis.

The (Mis)Information Game: A social media simulator.

Given the potential negative impact reliance on misinformation can have, substantial effort has gone into understanding the factors that influence misinformation belief and propagation. However, despite the rise of social media often being cited as a fundamental driver of misinformation exposure and false beliefs, how people process misinformation on social media platforms has been under-investigated. This is partially due to a lack of adaptable and ecologically valid social media testing paradigms, resulting in an over-reliance on survey software and questionnaire-based measures.

Fc-competent multispecific PDL-1/TIGIT/LAG-3 antibodies potentiate superior anti-tumor T cell response.

The landscape of current cancer immunotherapy is dominated by antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 that have transformed cancer therapy, yet their efficacy is limited by primary and acquired resistance. The blockade of additional immune checkpoints, especially TIGIT and LAG-3, has been extensively explored, but so far only a LAG-3 antibody has been approved for combination with nivolumab to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Here we report the development of a PDL1 × TIGIT bi-specific antibody (bsAb) GB265, a PDL1 × LAG3 bsAb GB266, and a PDL1 × TIGIT × LAG3 tri-specific antibody (tsAb) GB266T, all with intact Fc function.

Preference for Male Risk Takers Varies with Relationship Context and Health Status but not COVID Risk.

Unlabelled: Risk taking is more commonly shown by males than females and has a signalling function, serving to advertise one's intrinsic quality to prospective mates. Previous research has established that male risk takers are judged as more attractive for short-term flings than long-term relationships, but the environmental and socioeconomic context surrounding female preferences for male risk takers has been overlooked. Using a survey instrument, we examined female preferences for male risk takers across 1304 females from 47 countries.

Investigating the involvement of cognitive control processes in innovative and adaptive creativity and their age-related changes.

Introduction: Based on the two-factor model of creativity, two distinct types of creative problem solving can be differentiated: innovative ("do things differently") and adaptive ("do things better"). Flexible cognitive control is a crucial concept in connection with both general and specific styles of creativity: innovative problem-solving benefits from broader attention and flexible mental set shifting; while adaptive creativity relies on focused attention and persistent goal-oriented processes. We applied an informatively cued task-switching paradigm which is suitable for measuring different cognitive control processes and mechanisms like proactive and reactive control.

Total synthesis of grayanane natural products.

Grayananes are a broad family of diterpenoids found in plants, comprising more than 160 natural products. Most of them exhibit interesting biological activities, often representative of use in traditional medicine. Over the last 50 years, various strategies were described for the total synthesis of these diterpenoids.

Impression formation stimuli: A corpus of behavior statements rated on morality, competence, informativeness, and believability.

To investigate impression formation, researchers tend to rely on statements that describe a person's behavior (e.g., "Alex ridicules people behind their backs").

Gesture is the primary modality for language creation.

How language began is one of the oldest questions in science, but theories remain speculative due to a lack of direct evidence. Here, we report two experiments that generate empirical evidence to inform gesture-first and vocal-first theories of language origin; in each, we tested modern humans' ability to communicate a range of meanings (995 distinct words) using either gesture or non-linguistic vocalization. Experiment 1 is a cross-cultural study, with signal Producers sampled from Australia ( = 30, = 32.

Maintenance of prior behaviour can enhance cultural selection.

Many cultural phenomena evolve through a Darwinian process whereby adaptive variants are selected and spread at the expense of competing variants. While cultural evolutionary theory emphasises the importance of social learning to this process, experimental studies indicate that people's dominant response is to maintain their prior behaviour. In addition, while payoff-biased learning is crucial to Darwinian cultural evolution, learner behaviour is not always guided by variant payoffs.

Socially Situated Transmission: The Bias to Transmit Negative Information is Moderated by the Social Context.

Cultural evolutionary theory has identified a range of cognitive biases that guide human social learning. Naturalistic and experimental studies indicate transmission biases favoring negative and positive information. To address these conflicting findings, the present study takes a socially situated view of information transmission, which predicts that bias expression will depend on the social context.

A Cross-Sectional Test of Sign Creation by Children in the Gesture and Vocal Modalities.

Naturalistic studies show that children can create language-like communication systems in the absence of conventional language. However, experimental evidence is mixed. We address this discrepancy using an experimental paradigm that simulates naturalistic sign creation.

Innovation and enculturation in child communication: a cross-sectional study.

How can people achieve successful communication when using novel signs? Previous studies show that iconic signs (i.e. signs that directly resemble their referent) enhance communication success.

A Novel Fusion of IL-10 Engineered to Traffic across Intestinal Epithelium to Treat Colitis.

IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine capable of suppressing a number of proinflammatory signals associated with intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clinical use of human IL-10 (hIL-10) has been limited by anemia and thrombocytopenia following systemic injection, side effects that might be eliminated by a gut-restricted distribution. We have identified a transcytosis pathway used by cholix, an exotoxin secreted by nonpandemic forms of the intestinal pathogen A nontoxic fragment of the first 386 aa of cholix was genetically fused to hIL-10 to produce recombinant AMT-101.

Seeing synchrony: A replication of the effects of task-irrelevant social information on perceptions of interpersonal coordination.

The display of synchronous behaviour can be both an engaging spectacle and a source of important social information. When understood as a dynamical system, interpersonal synchrony has specific kinematic qualities that have been shown to shape social perceptions. Little research, however, has examined the converse relationship - are perceptions of the kinematics of interpersonal synchrony influenced by socially relevant, but task-irrelevant, information? To provide further insight to this question we conducted a pre-registered replication of Lumsden, Miles, and Macrae (2012).

Network Connectivity Dynamics, Cognitive Biases, and the Evolution of Cultural Diversity in Round-Robin Interactive Micro-Societies.

The distribution of cultural variants in a population is shaped by both neutral evolutionary dynamics and by selection pressures. The temporal dynamics of social network connectivity, that is, the order in which individuals in a population interact with each other, has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we investigate how, in a fully connected social network, connectivity dynamics, alone and in interaction with different cognitive biases, affect the evolution of cultural variants.

Membrane Association Transforms an Inert Anti-TCRβ Fab' Ligand into a Potent T Cell Receptor Agonist.

The natural peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand for T cell receptors (TCRs) is inactive from solution yet capable of activating T cells at single-molecule levels when membrane-associated. This distinctive feature stems from the mechanism of TCR activation, which is thought to involve steric phosphatase exclusion as well as direct mechanical forces. It is possible to defeat this mechanism and activate T cells with solution ligands by cross-linking pMHC or using multivalent antibodies to TCR.

The evolution of early symbolic behavior in .

How did human symbolic behavior evolve? Dating up to about 100,000 y ago, the engraved ochre and ostrich eggshell fragments from the South African Blombos Cave and Diepkloof Rock Shelter provide a unique window into presumed early symbolic traditions of and how they evolved over a period of more than 30,000 y. Using the engravings as stimuli, we report five experiments which suggest that the engravings evolved adaptively, becoming better-suited for human perception and cognition. More specifically, they became more salient, memorable, reproducible, and expressive of style and human intent.

Are People Sensitive to Problems in Communication?

Recent research indicates that interpersonal communication is noisy, and that people exhibit considerable insensitivity to problems in communication. Using a dyadic referential communication task, the goal of which is accurate information transfer, this study examined the extent to which interlocutors are sensitive to problems in communication and use other-initiated repairs (OIRs) to address them. Participants were randomly assigned to dyads (N = 88 participants, or 44 dyads) and tried to communicate a series of recurring abstract geometric shapes to a partner across a text-chat interface.

Correction to: Science by social media: Attitudes towards climate change are mediated by perceived social consensus.

Confidence intervals and regression lines were omitted from Fig. 1 in this article as originally published. This error was introduced during production.

Science by social media: Attitudes towards climate change are mediated by perceived social consensus.

Internet blogs have become an important platform for the discussion of many scientific issues, including climate change. Blogs, and in particular the comment sections of blogs, also play a major role in the dissemination of contrarian positions that question mainstream climate science. The effect of this content on people's attitudes is not fully understood.