Ambulatory intracranial pressure in humans: ICP increases during movement between body positions.

Introduction: Positional changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) have been described in humans when measured over minutes or hours in a static posture, with ICP higher when lying supine than when sitting or standing upright. However, humans are often ambulant with frequent changes in position self-generated by active movement.

Research Question: We explored how ICP changes during movement between body positions.

SARS-CoV-2 tests, confirmed infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions in children and young people: birth cohort study.

Background: There have been no population-based studies of SARS-CoV-2 testing, PCR-confirmed infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions across the full paediatric age range. We examine the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in children and young people (CYP) aged <23 years.

Methods: We used a birth cohort of all children born in Scotland since 1997, constructed via linkage between vital statistics, hospital records and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data.

Incidence and associations of hospital delirium diagnoses in 85,979 people with severe mental illness: A data linkage study.

Introduction: Delirium is an acute neuro-psychiatric disturbance precipitated by a range of physical stressors, with high morbidity and mortality. Little is known about its relationship with severe mental illness (SMI).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked data analyses of the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) databases.

Factors predicting amoxicillin prescribing in primary care among children: a cohort study.

Background: Antibiotic prescribing during childhood, most commonly for respiratory tract infections (RTIs), contributes to antimicrobial resistance, which is a major public health concern.

Aim: To identify factors associated with amoxicillin prescribing and RTI consultation attendance in young children in primary care.

Design And Setting: Cohort study in Bradford spanning pregnancy to age 24 months, collected 2007-2013, linked to electronic primary care and air pollution data.

Readmission after discharge from acute mental healthcare among 231 988 people in England: cohort study exploring predictors of readmission including availability of acute day units in local areas.

Background: In the UK, acute mental healthcare is provided by in-patient wards and crisis resolution teams. Readmission to acute care following discharge is common. Acute day units (ADUs) are also provided in some areas.

Post-traumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified as a potential risk factor for developing dementia. There are currently, however, no meta-analyses quantifying this risk.

Aims: To systematically review and quantify the risk of future dementia associated with PTSD across populations.

Stillbirth in Women Living With HIV Delivering in the United Kingdom and Ireland: 2007-2015.

Background: Women living with HIV have a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes, but questions remain regarding their specific risk factors for stillbirth and the extent to which maternal HIV is associated with stillbirth.

Methods: Using data on pregnant women with HIV reported within population-based surveillance in the United Kingdom/Ireland, we described stillbirth rates in 2007-2015 stratified by type of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and evaluated risk factors using Poisson regression. General population stillbirth rates by maternal world region of origin were derived from national annual birth statistics, and compared with rates in women with HIV, using standardized stillbirth ratios with the general population as the reference.

Birth Defects After Exposure to Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy at Conception/First Trimester of Pregnancy: A Multicohort Analysis.

Background: To investigate the association between efavirenz (EFV) use during conception or first trimester (T1) of pregnancy and the occurrence of birth defects.

Setting: Seven observational studies of pregnant HIV-positive women across 13 European countries and Thailand.

Methods: Individual-level data were pooled on singleton pregnancies included in participating cohorts in 2002-2015.

Prevalence of anxiety disorders and symptoms in people with hearing impairment: a systematic review.

Purpose: Anxiety disorders are common. Prevalence is likely to be raised in people with hearing impairment, who experience higher rates of associated risk factors. We conducted, to our knowledge, the first systematic review of the prevalence and correlates of anxiety in people with hearing impairment.

Protease inhibitors and preterm delivery: another piece in the puzzle.

Background: Questions remain regarding preterm delivery (PTD) risk in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy (ART), including the role of ritonavir (RTV)-boosted protease inhibitors, timing of ART initiation and immune status.

Methods: We examined data from the UK/Ireland National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood on women with HIV delivering a singleton live infant in 2007-2015, including those pregnancies receiving RTV-boosted protease inhibitor-based (n = 4184) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based regimens (n = 1889). We conducted logistic regression analysis adjusted for risk factors associated with PTD and stratified by ART at conception and CD4 cell count to minimize bias by indication for treatment and to assess whether PTD risk differs by ART class and specific drug combinations.

Migrant women living with HIV in Europe: are they facing inequalities in the prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV?: The European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) study group in EuroCoord.

Background: In pregnancy early interventions are recommended for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. We examined whether pregnant women who live with HIV in Europe and are migrants encounter barriers in accessing HIV testing and care.

Methods: Four cohorts within the European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration provided data for pooled analysis of 11 795 pregnant women who delivered in 2002-12 across ten European countries.

Traffic-related pollution and asthma prevalence in children. Quantification of associations with nitrogen dioxide.

Ambient nitrogen dioxide is a widely available measure of traffic-related air pollution and is inconsistently associated with the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children. The use of this relationship to evaluate the health impact of policies affecting traffic management and traffic emissions is limited by the lack of a concentration-response function based on systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies. Using systematic methods, we identified papers containing quantitative estimates for nitrogen dioxide and the 12 month period prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in which the exposure contrast was within-community and dominated by traffic pollution.

Chinese hamster ovarian cells transfected with human parathyroid hormone-related protein cDNA cause hypercalcemia in nude mice.

Background: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) has been implicated as a causative factor in the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Animal models of hypercalcemia of malignancy that have traditionally utilized human or animal tumors or injections or infusions of hypercalcemic factors have limitations that may prevent exact delineation of the biologic effects of tumor-produced PTH-rP.

Experimental Design: To assess the effects of tumor-produced PTH-rP in vivo, we have transfected Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells with cDNA encoding human preproPTH-rP-(1-141) which then stably express only PTH-rP.

Expression of human transforming growth factor alpha by Chinese hamster ovarian tumors in nude mice causes hypercalcemia and increased osteoclastic bone resorption.

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is a polypeptide regulator of cell growth produced by many malignant tumors. It stimulates osteoclastic resorption in bone organ culture and osteoclast-like cell formation in marrow culture. To determine whether tumor production of TGF-alpha can cause hypercalcemia in vivo, we used Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells transfected with the human TGF-alpha gene (TCHO), which stably express and secrete TGF-alpha.