IL-33 fine tunes mast cell degranulation and chemokine production at the single-cell level.

Background: Mast cells are versatile key components of allergy and inflammation known to respond to both innate and adaptive immunologic stimuli. However, the response of individual mast cells to cumulative stimuli remains poorly understood.

Objectives: We sought to dissect mast cell responses at the single-cell level and their potentiation by IL-33.

Altered CD4+ T cell homing to the gut impairs mucosal immune reconstitution in treated HIV-infected individuals.

Depletion of CD4+ T cells from the gut occurs rapidly during acute HIV-1 infection. This has been linked to systemic inflammation and disease progression as a result of translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the bloodstream. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) substantially restores CD4+ T cell numbers in peripheral blood, but the gut compartment remains largely depleted of such cells for poorly understood reasons.

Persistence of distinct HIV-1 populations in blood monocytes and naive and memory CD4 T cells during prolonged suppressive HAART.

Objective: Reservoirs of HIV-1 are a major obstacle to virus eradication. There is therefore a need to clearly understand the molecular nature of the virus populations that persist in patients with sustained suppression of plasma viraemia on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Design: We performed a detailed analysis of the genotypes of HIV-1 quasispecies isolated from highly purified blood cell types taken from three selected patients with sustained undetectable viral loads on HAART for 7 years.