Knowledge, Attidue and Practice of Advanced Trauma Life Suppoort (ATLS) Protocol among House-Officers in Khartoum State Hospitals, Sudan, 2023.

Background: Advanced Trauma Life Support was originated mainly to train doctors who don't manage trauma on a regular basis, including junior doctors as it prepares them more efficiently and effectively for treating and managing trauma patients. This study was conducted to study knowledge, attitude and practice of advanced trauma life support protocol among house-officers in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan 2023.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive health facility based study conducted in Bahri Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Teaching Hospital and Ibrahim Malik teaching hospital, Khartoum state, Sudan.

Genetic Analysis of the Emerging Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Reveals a Divergent Virus Population in American Isolates.

is a previously reported citrus virus from Asia with widespread distribution in China. In 2022, the California Department of Food and Agriculture conducted a multipest citrus survey targeting multiple citrus pathogens including citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV). In March 2022, a lemon tree with symptoms of vein clearing, chlorosis, and mottling in a private garden in the city of Tulare, California, tested positive for CYVCV, which triggered an intensive survey in the surrounding areas.

Outcomes of a Pharmacy Internship Program at a Quaternary Care Hospital.

Objective: To design, implement, and evaluate a Hospital-based Pharmacy Internship Program that meets the educational requirements of  pharmacy graduates to register as competent pharmacists in the United Arab  Emirates.

Method: The Pharmacy Internship Program was designed as a 6-month, full- time, competency-based program. Intern performance was assessed through  monthly continuous evaluations.

Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock.

Dwarfed citrus trees for high-density plantings or mechanized production systems will be key for future sustainable citrus production. Citrus trees consist of two different species of scion and rootstock. Therefore, any observed phenotype results from gene expression in both species.

Real-Time Detection of Viroids Using Singleplex and Multiplex Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (multiplex qPCR) enables the amplification of more than one target in a single reaction using different reporter dyes with distinct fluorescent spectra. The number of reporter fluorophores is typically restricted to three or four, depending upon the capability of the real-time PCR platform and software used. Each target is amplified by a different set of primers and a uniquely labeled probe that distinguishes each PCR amplicon.

High-Throughput RNA Extraction from Citrus Tissues for the Detection of Viroids.

High-throughput nucleic acid extraction is critical for the implementation of modern viroid detection assays. Successful large-scale nursery, field surveys, and other regulatory, quarantine, or research diagnostic programs are increasingly dependent on high-throughput tissue pulverization and nucleic acid extraction protocols. Magnetic bead-based approaches using semi-automated robotic equipment allow high-throughput extraction and purification of high-quality uniform total nucleic acids for each individual sample.

Complete Nucleotide Sequence, Genome Organization, and Comparative Genomic Analyses of Citrus Yellow-Vein Associated Virus (CYVaV).

Citrus yellow-vein disease (CYVD) was first reported in California in 1957. We now report that CYVD is associated with a virus-like agent, provisionally named citrus yellow-vein associated virus (CYVaV). The CYVaV RNA genome has 2,692 nucleotides and codes for two discernable open reading frames (ORFs).

The fundamentals of health economics and its application in the provision of vascular surgery in the UK.

Health economics offers a lifeline to policymakers as a way of improving health outcomes in the face of increased monetary constraints. Doctors are uniquely placed in healthcare delivery where they have a pertinent influence on both supply and demand for healthcare provisions. Every clinical decision made by doctors is also an economic decision, and the true cost of offering a scarce healthcare resource includes not being able to fund alternative therapies and hence, foregoing its benefit.

Child Undernutrition in Sudan: The Social and Economic Impact and Future Perspectives.

The nutrition situation in Sudan is one of the worst in northeast Africa and it is characterized by persistently high levels of acute and chronic malnutrition that have increased over the last two decades. The underlying causes of malnutrition are multi-sectoral and are mainly due to inequalities, inadequate food practices, and limited access to healthcare services. Based on the report The Economic and Social Impacts of Child Undernutrition in Sudan, this study assesses the impact that malnutrition has on health, education, and productivity in Sudan.

COVID-19: The rising cost of cardiac surgery and disease.

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in widespread economic, health and social disruptions. The delivery of cardiovascular care has been stifled during the pandemic to adhere to infection control measures as a way of protecting patients and the workforce at large. This cautious approach has been protective since individuals with COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are anticipated to have poorer outcomes and an increased risk of death.

Undergraduate exposure to patient presentations on the acute medical placement: a prospective study in a London teaching hospital.

Objectives: To identify the availability and variability of learning opportunities through patient presentations on an acute medical placement at a teaching hospital.

Design: A prospective study evaluating all acute admissions to the Acute Medical Unit over 14 days (336 hours). Clinical presentations and the day and time of admission were recorded and compared with the learning outcomes specified in the medical school curriculum.

Breast ultrasound region of interest detection and lesion localisation.

In current breast ultrasound computer aided diagnosis systems, the radiologist preselects a region of interest (ROI) as an input for computerised breast ultrasound image analysis. This task is time consuming and there is inconsistency among human experts. Researchers attempting to automate the process of obtaining the ROIs have been relying on image processing and conventional machine learning methods.

Full genome characterization of 12 citrus tatter leaf virus isolates for the development of a detection assay.

Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) threatens citrus production worldwide because it induces bud-union crease on the commercially important Citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus sinensis) rootstocks. However, little is known about its genomic diversity and how such diversity may influence virus detection. In this study, full-length genome sequences of 12 CTLV isolates from different geographical areas, intercepted and maintained for the past 60 years at the Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), University of California, Riverside, were characterized using next generation sequencing.

Breast ultrasound lesions recognition: end-to-end deep learning approaches.

Multistage processing of automated breast ultrasound lesions recognition is dependent on the performance of prior stages. To improve the current state of the art, we propose the use of end-to-end deep learning approaches using fully convolutional networks (FCNs), namely FCN-AlexNet, FCN-32s, FCN-16s, and FCN-8s for semantic segmentation of breast lesions. We use pretrained models based on ImageNet and transfer learning to overcome the issue of data deficiency.

One-step multiplex RT-qPCR detects three citrus viroids from different genera in a wide range of hosts.

A one-step multiplex reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based on species-specific minor groove binding (MGB) probes, was developed for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of three citrus viroids belonging to different genera. Citrus exocortis viroid (Pospiviroid), Hop stunt viroid (Hostuviroid), and Citrus bark cracking viroid (Cocadviroid) cause a variety of maladies in agriculturally significant crops. Therefore, reliable assays for their detection are essential tools for various government and industry organizations implementing disease management programs.

Development and validation of a multiplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for the rapid detection of Citrus tristeza virus, Citrus psorosis virus, and Citrus leaf blotch virus.

A single real-time multiplex reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), and Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) was developed and validated using three different fluorescently labeled minor groove binding qPCR probes. To increase the detection reliability, coat protein (CP) genes from large number of different isolates of CTV, CPsV and CLBV were sequenced and a multiple sequence alignment was generated with corresponding CP sequences from the GenBank and a robust multiplex RT-qPCR assay was designed. The capacity of the multiplex RT-qPCR assay in detecting the viruses was compared to singleplex RT-qPCR designed specifically for each virus and was assessed using multiple virus isolates from diverse geographical regions and citrus species as well as graft-inoculated citrus plants infected with various combination of the three viruses.

Development and validation of a multiplex quantitative PCR assay for the rapid detection of Grapevine virus A, B and D.

A single real-time multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Grapevine virus A, B and D (GVA, GVB and GVD) was developed, using three different fluorescently labeled minor groove binding probes. This multiplex RT-qPCR was compared to singleplex RT-qPCR designed specifically for each virus and a conventional multiplex RT-PCR. The capacity of the multiplex RT-qPCR assay in detecting the three vitiviruses in mixed infections from a range of virus concentrations in the host was assessed.

Detection of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7 using real time qRT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR.

Nine isolates of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7 (GLRaV-7) from diverse geographical regions were sequenced to design more sensitive molecular diagnostic tools. The coat protein (CP) and heat shock protein 70 homologue (HSP70h) genes of these nine isolates were sequenced. Sequences were then used to design more sensitive molecular diagnostic tools.

Comparative procedures for sample processing and quantitative PCR detection of grapevine viruses.

In this study different instruments and methods used for tissue homogenization, RNA extraction and quantitative PCR (qPCR) based detection of grapevine RNA viruses were evaluated. Semi-automated and automated homogenization techniques were compared to process samples from grapevine petioles and cambial tissue. Four different high throughput automated nucleic acid extraction platforms were compared with the RNeasy plant extraction kit for their capacity and efficiency of extracting viral RNA from grapevine infected tissues.

Real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) assays for the detection of viruses associated with Rugose wood complex of grapevine.

Real-time TaqMan RT-PCR (TaqMan RT-PCR) assays were developed to detect the viruses associated with Rugose wood complex of grapevines. The viruses detected were Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus in the genus Foveavirus, Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B and Grapevine virus D in the genus Vitivirus. The coat protein was found to be the most conserved gene within the viral species, therefore, the primers and probes for TaqMan RT-PCR assays were designed from the multiple alignment of the coat protein sequence of various isolates of each virus.

Comparison of low-density arrays, RT-PCR and real-time TaqMan RT-PCR in detection of grapevine viruses.

Low-density arrays (LDA) have been designed based on the real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) assays for the specific detection of 13 viruses that infect Grapevines in addition to the housekeeping gene 18S rRNA. The viruses included in the study are Grapevine leafroll associated viruses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9, Grapevine leafroll associated virus-2 Redglobe (GLRaV-2RG) strain, Ruspestris stem pitting associated virus, Grapevine vitivirus A, Grapevine vitivirus B, Grapevine fanleaf virus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV). This study includes three new TaqMan RT-PCR assays that have been developed for GLRaV-2RG, GFkV and ToRSV and have been included in the TaqMan RT-PCR and LDA detection.

Real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) assays for the detection of Grapevine Leafroll associated viruses 1-5 and 9.

Real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) assays were developed for the specific detection of Grapevine Leafroll associated viruses 1-5 and 9 (GLRaV-1-5 and -9). The assays were evaluated against a wide range of geographically distributed isolates. Geographical locations included South Africa, Europe, Australia, Asia, Latin America and the United States.