Finely Tunable Carbon Nanofiber Catalysts for the Efficient Production of HMF in Biphasic MIBK/HO Systems.

This work proposes catalytic systems for fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using a series of functionalized carbon nanofibers. The catalysts were synthesized via finely selected covalent grafting in order to include a variety of functionalities like pure Bronsted acid, tandem Brønsted/Lewis acid, and tandem Lewis acid/Lewis base catalysts. After the characterization and evaluation of acidity strength and the amount of acid centers, the catalyst series was screened and related to the product distribution.

Functionalized Biochars as Supports for Ru/C Catalysts: Tunable and Efficient Materials for γ-Valerolactone Production.

Cotton stalks-based biochars were prepared and used to synthetize Ru-supported catalysts for selective production of γ-valerolactone from levulinic acid in aqueous media. Different biochars' pre-treatments (HNO, ZnCl, CO or a combination of them) were carried out to activate the final carbonaceous support. Nitric acid treatment resulted in microporous biochars with high surface area, whereas the chemical activation with ZnCl substantially increases the mesoporous surface.

Pregnancy outcomes in relation to different types of diabetes mellitus and modes of delivery in macrosomic foetuses in Bahrain.

Objectives: The mode of delivery in diabetic patients is debatable. This study was designed to assess the pattern of delivery of macrosomic babies with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Bahrain.

Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted on mothers who delivered babies weighing ≥4.