Ameliorating effect of psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics on stress: A review on and clinical studies and mechanism of action.

Chronic stress can negatively affect cognitive ability, behavioral functions, and gut microbiota balance. The gut microbiota communicates with the brain through the gut-brain axis to influence brain responses and behavior. The positive effects of psychobiotics and para-psychobiotics (viable and non-viable probiotics, respectively) on decreasing stress and stress-related disorders have been approved, previously.

Salt content of processed foods in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and compliance with salt standards.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily salt intake of 5 g for adults; the Islamic Republic of Iran has national standards for salt content of foods.

Aims: This study aimed to determine the salt content of industrial (made in large-scale food companies) and non-industrial (made in local stores using traditional methods) foods in Tehran province and compare it with the Iranian national standards.

Methods: We determined the salt content of 555 industrial and non-industrial products from parts of Tehran province in 2016 and 2018.

Solubilization of bovine gelatin using power ultrasound: gelation without heating.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of power ultrasound without using any heating stage in solubilizeing gelatin dispersions, and to characterize the mechanical and microstructural properties of the resulting gels using texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Usually to prepare a gel from gelatin, a primary heating stage of at about 40C or above is required to solubilize gelatin macromolecules. In this study solubilizing gelatin dispersions using power ultrasound without any heating was successfully performed.