3D Printing for Cardiovascular Surgery and Intervention: A Review Article.

3D printing technology can be applied to practically every aspect of modern life, fulfilling the needs of people from various backgrounds. The utilization of 3D printing in the context of adult heart disease can be succinctly categorized into 3 primary domains: preoperative strategizing or simulation, medical instruction, and clinical consultations. 3D-printed model utilization improves surgical planning and intraoperative decision-making and minimizes surgical risks, and it has demonstrated its efficacy as an innovative educational tool for aspiring surgeons with limited practical exposure.