Consensus evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treat-to-target management of osteoporosis in Africa: an initiative by the African Society of Bone Health and Metabolic Bone Diseases.

Unlabelled: The objective of this consensus statement is to inform the clinical practice communities, research centres and policymakers across Africa of the results of the recommendations for osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and management. The developed guideline provides state-of-the-art information and presents the conclusions and recommendations of the consensus panel regarding these issues.

Purpose: To reach an African expert consensus on a treat-to-target strategy, based on current evidence for best practice, for the management of osteoporosis and prevention of fractures.

Immune Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: Where do we Stand?

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs) are a group of acquired autoimmune muscle disorders which are characterized by proximal muscle weakness, high levels of creatinine kinase, and myopathic findings on electromyogram (EMG). Muscle biopsy in IMNM differentiates it from the other subgroups of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis (IIM) by the presence of myofibre necrosis and prominent regeneration without substantial lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates. Anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) and anti-3hydroxy-3 methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) autoantibodies were found in two-thirds of IMNM patients.