A holistic overview of the in-situ and ex-situ carbon mineralization: Methods, mechanisms, and technical challenges.

To mitigate anthropogenic CO emissions and address the climate change effects, carbon capture and storage by mineralization (CCSM) and industrial mineral carbonation are gaining attraction. Specifically, in-situ carbon mineralization in the subsurface geological formations occurs due to the transformation of silicate minerals into carbonates (e.g.