The effect of ramadan fasting on outcome of pregnancy.

Objective: Pregnancy is a physiological condition that its concurrence with fasting introduces some controversies about condition of mother and fetus. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fasting on pregnancy outcome.

Methods: The historical cohort paradigm of this study was conducted on referrals of one of the Tehran's hospitals in 2004.

Triple lumbar dermal sinuses: unusual presentation of a typically solitary midline lesion.

Background: Congenital dermal sinus is a type of closed spinal dysraphism caused by incomplete disjunction. The lesion occurs everywhere along neuraxis predominantly as a solitary midline sinus in the lumbosacral area.

Case History: The authors report on a 10-month-old girl with triple congenital dermal sinuses associated with dermoid tumors and intradural extension of one of them.

Risk factors associated with occipital encephalocele: a case-control study. Clinical article.

Object: An encephalocele is characterized by congenital herniation of the brain tissue and/or meninges through a skull defect. The underlying cause is complex and not fully understood, but environmental agents are suspected. The authors aimed to determine the known risk factors for encephaloceles.