Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl as Adjuvant to Bupivacaine on Duration of Spinal Block in Addicted Patients.

Background: Addicted patients have innate tolerance to local anesthetics in both neuraxial and peripheral blocks. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist used as additive to increase quality and duration of peripheral nerve blocks.

Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl additives on bupivacaine to prolong the duration of block and minimizing side effects.

Injection of intradiscal o2-o3 to reduce pain and disability of patients with low back pain due to prolapsed lumbar disk.

Background: Disk herniation (DH) is one of the most common disk lesions, inducing low back pain (LBP). Various therapeutic options have been proposed for treatment of disk herniation (DH). Intradiscal injection of ozone has been suggested for treatment of DH.