Effective Nature-Based Outdoor Play and Learning Environments for below-3 Children: A Literature-Based Summary.

Early childhood (0-8 years) is a time of rapid brain development supported by spontaneous and informal learning from the surrounding environment. Meaningful contact with nature (a dynamic and varied source of informal learning) during the early years of life sets up rich scopes for such spontaneous learning-especially in the first three years, a period in life that determines all future learning, behavior, and health. Besides its learning affordances, nature-based environments provide numerous health and developmental benefits.

Conjugation-length dependence of regioregular oligo 3-alkyl(thienylene-vinylene)s demonstrates polyene-like behaviour with weak electron-electron correlations.

Poly(3-alkyl(thienylene-vinylene)) (P3TV) and its longer oligomers have negligibly low photoluminescence quantum yields, however, the reason for their low yields is currently debated. Here, we prepare a series of regioregular (3-dodecyl)thienylene-vinylene oligomers with = 2-8 repeat units by iterative Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions, and report their steady-state, transient absorption, and emission spectroscopy. The results presented here demonstrate that 3-alkyl(thienylene-vinylene) oligomers form part of the polyene family.

Living with sarcoidosis: Virtual roundtable dialogue with patients and healthcare professionals.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease, characterised by the infiltration of various organs by non-necrotising granulomas. The disease's heterogeneity complicates the study of patients' experiences.

Objective: To gather insight into life experiences, unmet needs and views on hypothetically emerging treatment options among patients living with sarcoidosis.

On the intersystem crossing rate in a Platinum(II) donor-bridge-acceptor triad.

The rates of ultrafast intersystem crossing in acceptor-bridge-donor molecules centered on Pt(II) acetylides are investigated. Specifically, a Pt(II) -acetylide triad NAP--Pt--Ph-CH-PTZ [1], with acceptor 4-ethynyl--octyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NAP) and donor phenothiazine (PTZ), is examined in detail. We have previously shown that optical excitation in [1] leads to a manifold of singlet charge-transfer states, S*, which evolve a triplet charge-transfer manifold into a triplet state NAP centered on the acceptor ligand and partly to a charge-separated state CSS (NAP-Pt-PTZ).

Assessing the appropriateness of the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in Australian children: a population-based sample survey.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is a common physiological state in infants and young children, with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) its pathological manifestation. Management of GOR/GORD requires elimination of possible underlying causes, parental reassurance, modification of feeding and symptom mitigation, monitoring, and referral to paediatricians if warning signs are present. Published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) seek to support clinicians and improve management.

Solvent-Mediated Activation/Deactivation of Photoinduced Electron-Transfer in a Molecular Dyad.

Herein is presented a molecular dyad comprised of a [Ru(bpy)] photosensitizer and an anthraquinone (AQ) acceptor coupled by an ethynyl linker ([Ru(bpy)(bpy-cc-AQ)]) in which activation/deactivation of photoinduced electron-transfer from the [Ru(bpy)] photosensitizer to the AQ acceptor is achieved and characterized as a function of the dielectric constant and hydrogen-bond donating ability of the solvent used. It is demonstrated that the rate of photoinduced electron-transfer can be modulated over several orders of magnitude (10-10 s) by choice of solvent. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra are dominated by MLCT signals and exhibit identical decay kinetics to the corresponding emission signals.

Vitamin K versus warfarin interruption alone in patients without bleeding and an international normalized ratio > 10.

Background: Reversal of an international normalized ratio (INR) > 10 with vitamin K is recommended in patients experiencing bleeding; however, information on outcomes with reversal using vitamin K in non-bleeding patients is lacking.

Objective: To compare clinical and safety outcomes between non-bleeding patients receiving warfarin with an INR > 10 who did and did not receive a prescription for vitamin K.

Patients/methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in an integrated health-care delivery system.

Anion-Mediated Photophysical Behavior in a C Fullerene [3]Rotaxane Shuttle.

By addressing the challenge of controlling molecular motion, mechanically interlocked molecular machines are primed for a variety of applications in the field of nanotechnology. Specifically, the designed manipulation of communication pathways between electron donor and acceptor moieties that are strategically integrated into dynamic photoactive rotaxanes and catenanes may lead to efficient artificial photosynthetic devices. In this pursuit, a novel [3]rotaxane molecular shuttle consisting of a four-station bis-naphthalene diimide (NDI) and central C fullerene bis-triazolium axle component and two mechanically bonded ferrocenyl-functionalized isophthalamide anion binding site-containing macrocycles is constructed using an anion template synthetic methodology.

Blunt traumatic diaphragmatic injuries in children.

Diaphragmatic injuries following blunt trauma are rare. From January 1988 to February 2002 eight children were treated at the Children's Hospital at Westmead for diaphragmatic injury. Male to female ration was 5:3.

Retained common-duct stones after open cholecystectomy and duct exploration in children.

A retrospective study was performed of 250 patients with cholelithiasis treated at the Royal Children's Hospital, (RCH) Melbourne, over 25 years by open operation; 32 (12.8%) had proven choledocholithiasis on either preoperative imaging, operative cholangiography (OpCG), or postoperative investigation. A further 3 had underlying congenital biliary abnormalities and were excluded from further study.

Prospective analysis of computerized tomography and needle biopsy with permanent sectioning to determine the nature of solid renal masses in adults.

Purpose: We prospectively determined the accuracy of computerized tomography (CT) and needle biopsy of solid renal masses.

Materials And Methods: A total of 100 patients with a solid renal mass who were scheduled for operation were prospectively evaluated. CT was performed before radical or partial nephrectomy.

Informal caregiving for frail older people at home and in long-term care institutions: who are the key supporters?

This paper describes the extent of the informal caregiving unit for older people who are physically or mentally frail living in private households or resident in long-term care institutions using cross-sectional analysis of survey data. A total of 1444 people aged 65 years or more registered with a general practitioner (GP) in four areas in England and, consenting to the study, were screened for mental or physical frailty. Of 1127 older subjects living at home 7% reported receiving no informal support, 15% had a paid supporter only and 78% nominated a key informal supporter who helped with defined activities of daily living of whom 650 (74%) were interviewed.

Evaluation of nine automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein methods: implications for clinical and epidemiological applications. Part 2.

Background: C-Reactive protein (CRP) can provide prognostic information about risk of future coronary events in apparently healthy subjects. This application requires higher sensitivity assays than have traditionally been available in the clinical laboratory.

Methods: Nine high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) methods from Dade Behring, Daiichi, Denka Seiken, Diagnostic Products Corporation, Iatron, Kamiya, Olympus, Roche, and Wako were evaluated for limit of detection, linearity, precision, prozone effect, and comparability with samples from 388 apparently healthy individuals.

Direct measurement of LDL-C in children: performance of two surfactant-based methods in a general pediatric population.

Objectives: Several pediatric advisory groups have recommended selective screening for dyslipidemia in children. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is measured clinically with the Friedewald calculation in fasting samples. Nonfasting measurement of LDL-C would be clinically useful in children.

Prospective analysis of intraoperative frozen needle biopsy of solid renal masses in adults.

Purpose: We prospectively determined the accuracy of intraoperative needle biopsy of solid renal masses.

Materials And Methods: A total of 103 patients diagnosed with a solid renal mass and scheduled for surgery were prospectively evaluated. Radical or partial nephrectomy was performed, and biopsy of the surgical specimen was done twice through the tumor using an 18 gauge biopsy gun.

Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors.

Leydig cell tumors of the testis are rare and account for a small proportion of testicular neoplasms. The objective of this study was to identify clinical and morphologic features predictive of metastasis in a large series of Leydig cell tumors, and to determine whether ploidy or proliferative activity were predictive of malignancy. Thirty cases of Leydig cell tumor of the testis (23 tumors that had not metastasized and 7 that had metastasized) were studied.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate: clinicopathologic study of 50 cases.

Background: This study was performed to identify clinical and histologic features most significant in predicting outcome in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the prostate without invasive bladder carcinoma.

Methods: The histologic and clinical material from 50 patients with prostatic TCC without invasive bladder carcinoma were studied. The tumors were divided into the following locoregional categories: 1) TCC in situ (CIS) of the prostatic urethra; 2) CIS of the prostatic ducts and acini; 3) TCC with stromal invasion; 4) TCC with extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle involvement; and 5) lymph node metastases.

Low-grade collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: report of 13 cases of low-grade mucinous tubulocystic renal carcinoma of possible collecting duct origin.

Objectives: To assess the nature of a series of unusual low-grade mucin-producing tubulocystic renal cancers diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic since 1985.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of 13 unusual low-grade renal carcinomas with features most suggestive of collecting duct origin.

Results: In 8 cases, the tumor was discovered incidentally.