Adenosine A2AR in viral immune evasion and therapy: unveiling new avenues for treating COVID-19 and AIDS.

Adenosine is a neuro- and immunomodulator that functions via G protein-coupled cell surface receptors. Several microbes, including viruses, use the adenosine signaling pathway to escape from host defense systems. Since the recent research developments in its role in health and disease, adenosine and its signaling pathway have attracted attention for targeting to treat many diseases.

Adenosine A receptor as a potential target for improving cancer immunotherapy.

The adenosine nucleoside performs a wide range of actions on various human tissues by activating four cell surface receptors. Adenosine A receptors (ARs) are widely expressed in the striatum, olfactory bulb, platelets, leukocytes, spleen, and thymus. They promote vasodilatation, platelet antiaggregatory effect, protection from ischemic damage, and regulation of sensorimotor neurons in basal ganglia.

Berardinelli Seip Syndrome: A rare case report.

Berardinelli Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy (BSCL) or Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is one of the four subgroups of lipodystrophy syndrome which is characterized by varying degrees of loss of adipose mass in the body. It is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder and commonly reported clinical presentations include muscular hypertrophy, gigantism, hepatomegaly, impaired glucose tolerance, acanthosis nigricans, hypertriglyceridaemia, cardiomyopathy, intellectual impairment, bone cysts and phlebomegaly. We present a case of a 4.

From Molecular Pathology of COVID 19 to Nigella Sativum as a Treatment Option: Scientific Based Evidence of Its Myth or Reality.

COVID-19 virus is a causative agent of viral pandemic in human beings which specifically targets respiratory system of humans and causes viral pneumonia. This unusual viral pneumonia is rapidly spreading to all parts of the world, currently affecting about 105 million people with 2.3 million deaths.

Targeting Adenosine Receptors in Neurological Diseases.

Adenosine plays a significant role in neurotransmission process by controlling the blood pressure, while adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter and by activation of P2 receptors, regulates the contractility of the heart. Adenosine signaling is essential in the process of regeneration by regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of stem cells. In this review, we have selected neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy) with clinical trials using antagonists and epigenetic tools targeting adenosine receptor as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of these disorders.

Spectrum of Joint Deformities in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Objective: To determine the frequency and types of joint deformities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their association with clinical parameters and rheumatoid factor.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic, the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from September 2014 to February 2015.

Tuberculous Dactylitis with Concomitant Thyroid Involvement: A Rare Presentation of Childhood Tuberculosis.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis rarely presents as thyroid involvement along with other manifestations, and poses a diagnostic challenge on account of paucibacillary nature of disease. In general, the diagnosis of tuberculosis is based on epidemiological risk factors, clinical features, imaging studies, in addition to a positive skin testing or Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). A 14-year boy presented with history of fever and weight loss for one year.

Psittacosis: Rare Respiratory Problem in Children.

Psittacosis is a rare disease particularly in children with usual presentation of respiratory and constitutional symptoms. The cases may remain undiagnosed or diagnosis may be delayed because of lack of awareness among the paediatricians and physicians. Early diagnosis is very important as this is potentially curable and preventable disease.

Effectiveness of nebulized N-acetylcysteine solution in children with acute bronchiolitis.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nebulized mucolytic therapy (N-acetylcysteine) in treatment of children with acute bronchiolitis.

Study Design: Prospective randomized, controlled study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Paediatric Medical Unit of the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from November 2011 to April 2012.

Caffey's disease in an infant.

Caffey's disease is a self limited disorder of infantile age group. It is synonymous with 'infantile cortical hyperostosis' and 'Caffey's-Silver syndrome'.It is characterized by fever, irritability, bone pain and characteristic bony changes.

Clinical profile of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in children.

Study Design: Case series.

Place And Duration Of Study: This study was conducted in the Department of Neurology at The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from April 2005 to April 2007.