Idiopathic urinary findings and fetal growth restriction in low risk pregnancy.

Objective: To determine whether maternal urinary findings in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with fetal growth restriction.

Study Design: The prevalence of urinary findings in singleton pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction were compared with a low-risk control group of pregnancies who gave birth to normal weight babies, in the same condition.

Results: There were significant statistical differences in the mean gestational age (p < 0.

Color Doppler indices of orbital arterial flow in end-stage renal disease patients; are the changes related to chronic hemodialysis or chronic renal failure?

Background: Endothelial injury is a well-known complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis. One of the sites in which early vascular changes may be detected is the retina. Of course, these flow changes may not be detected in ophthalmologic exams, but it seems that color Doppler sonography of retinal arteries may be helpful in these cases.

Comparing effects of clonazepam and zolpidem on sleep quality of patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Introduction: Poor sleep quality is very common among maintenance hemodialysis patients and has negative impacts on patients' quality of life. Benzodiazepines have traditionally been used in this population; however, they may induce physical dependence and sleep apnea. Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic medications with less side effects are introduced as alternatives.