Oxidation State and Surface Reconstruction of Cu under CO Reduction Conditions from X-ray Characterization.

The electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR) using Cu-based catalysts holds great potential for producing valuable multi-carbon products from renewable energy. However, the chemical and structural state of Cu catalyst surfaces during the CORR remains a matter of debate. Here, we show the structural evolution of the near-surface region of polycrystalline Cu electrodes under conditions through a combination of grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS) and X-ray diffraction (GIXRD).

Electrochemical flow cell enabling operando probing of electrocatalyst surfaces by X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction.

The rational improvement of current and developing electrochemical technologies requires atomistic understanding of electrode-electrolyte interfaces. However, examining these interfaces under operando conditions, where performance is typically evaluated and benchmarked, remains challenging, as it necessitates incorporating an operando probe during full electrochemical operation. In this study, we describe a custom electrochemical flow cell that enables near-surface-sensitive operando investigation of planar thin-film catalysts at significant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rates (in excess of -100 mA cm-2) using grazing incidence X-ray methods.

Three-dimensional localization of nanoscale battery reactions using soft X-ray tomography.

Battery function is determined by the efficiency and reversibility of the electrochemical phase transformations at solid electrodes. The microscopic tools available to study the chemical states of matter with the required spatial resolution and chemical specificity are intrinsically limited when studying complex architectures by their reliance on two-dimensional projections of thick material. Here, we report the development of soft X-ray ptychographic tomography, which resolves chemical states in three dimensions at 11 nm spatial resolution.

In-situ Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy of Mg Electrodeposition at Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces.

We report the study of Mg cathodic electrochemical deposition on Ti and Au electrode using a multimodal approach by examining the sample area in-situ using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Magnesium Aluminum Chloride Complex was synthesized and utilized as electrolyte, where non-reversible features during in situ charging-discharging cycles were observed. During charging, a uniform Mg film was deposited on the electrode, which is consistent with the intrinsic non-dendritic nature of Mg deposition in Mg ion batteries.

Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of an Individual Catalyst Particle with Soft X-ray Ptychography.

Understanding Fe deposition in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysis is critical for the mitigation of catalyst degradation. Here we employ soft X-ray ptychography to determine at the nanoscale the distribution and chemical state of Fe in an aged FCC catalyst particle. We show that both particle swelling due to colloidal Fe deposition and Fe penetration into the matrix as a result of precracking of large organic molecules occur.

Dependence on Crystal Size of the Nanoscale Chemical Phase Distribution and Fracture in LixFePO₄.

The performance of battery electrode materials is strongly affected by inefficiencies in utilization kinetics and cycle life as well as size effects. Observations of phase transformations in these materials with high chemical and spatial resolution can elucidate the relationship between chemical processes and mechanical degradation. Soft X-ray ptychographic microscopy combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron microscopy creates a powerful suite of tools that we use to assess the chemical and morphological changes in lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) micro- and nanocrystals that occur upon delithiation.

Indications and methods of care for aspects of extraoral osseointegration.

The introduction of percutaneous osseointegration biotechnology in 1979 to head and neck reconstruction permanently revised the long held view that a facial prosthesis was a last resort for the patient and surgeon alike. Since that time, the use of extraoral osseointegration has expanded considerably. The present review of the literature considers indications and methods of care for aspects of extraoral osseointegration as it relates to facial prosthetics.

[Diagnosis and therapy of syndromic and non-syndromic craniosynostosis].

Premature craniosynostosis is caused by a premature closure of single or multiple sutures of the cranial vault. It may result not only in aesthetic but also in functional disorders with an occasional ICP increase leading to a dramatic loss of vision. In the 1970s,Paul Tessier published his craniofacial principles for the primary treatment of craniosynostosis.

Secondary lip correction in unilateral clefts.

Although all surgeons try to achieve the best possible result in the primary operation of a cleft, a certain percentage of cases might still need secondary corrections. The causes include not only lack of experience of the surgeon, but also the reaction of a child with its individual scar formation, disturbance in the healing of the wound, or the growth of the face, any of which might give an unfavorable result. In secondary operations we must distinguish between minor and major problems.

Lip repair techniques and their influence on the nose.

The cleft nose has long been a problem when closing the lip in a cleft palate patient. More today than in the past, close attention is paid to the outcome of the nasal form, nasal base, and the position of distorted structures like the alar cartilage and the septum. The different techniques of lip closure can be used simultaneously with the nasal correction.

A new therapeutic concept for the treatment of cystic hygroma.

A new therapeutic concept for the treatment of cystic lymphangioma (cystic hygroma) is presented. It consists of intralesional injection of triamcinolone (10 mg/kg) and surgical excision at a second stage if necessary. Four cases are presented to demonstrate the clinical application of this new therapeutic modality.

[Experiences with the 3-D miniplate osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures].

A geometrically closed quadrangular plate secured with bone screws creates stability in three dimensions. The smallest structural component of a 3-D-plate is an open cube or a square stone. Our clinical results and biomechanical investigations have shown a good stability of the 3-D-plates in the osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures without major complications.

[The diagnosis and treatment of congenital facial asymmetries in childhood. A clinical study].

Following a brief discussion of etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of congenital facial asymmetries, a new interdisciplinary treatment concept encompassing the disciplines of orthodontics, maxillo-facial surgery, and pedaudiology is set forth. This concept calls for the surgical reconstruction of the mandibular ramus and of the temporo-mandibular joint already in childhood in those cases in which functional jaw orthopedics has already begun at an early age. Thereafter the occlusal plane can be corrected orthodontically.

[Reconstruction of the orbital walls by autologous calvarial transplants].

This article reports on the experience gained with outer table calvarial bone grafts used for the reconstruction of the bony orbital walls in 43 patients. The transplants were harvested in the parietal area above the non-dominant hemisphere. Morbidity and complication rate at the harvest site were extremely low.

[Reconstruction of the lateral face in children].

Unilateral hypoplasia in the middle and lower face has different etiological causes. A standardized interdisciplinary treatment of children is demonstrated with the help of ten operated cases and nine children in observation. Depending on the missing structure of the anatomical regions the areas are reconstructed.

[Fracture healing of the ethmoid bone--a contribution to rhinologic management of naso-ethmoid injuries].

Severe maxillofacial trauma accompanied by a dislocated ethmoidal bone fracture was confirmed by CT imaging in 15 adult patients. Routine surgical management included reduction of fractures, miniplate fixation and/or intermaxillary fixation with interosseous wiring. The fractured ethmoidal cell system was left to heal spontaneously.

The treatment of the fractured edentulous maxilla.

The results of a follow-up of 13 out of 21 patients treated for fractures of the edentulous maxilla are presented. They were treated alternatively with craniofacial suspension wiring and with miniplate osteosynthesis. Better results are achieved by miniplate osteosynthesis.

Recurrence of a solitary bone cyst of the mandibular condyle in a bone graft. A case report.

The recurrence of a solitary bone cyst of the mandibular condyle in a costochondral bone graft is reported. A solitary bone cyst of the right condylar head and neck of a 10-year-old boy was treated by total resection and immediate reconstruction with a costochondral bone graft. Two years after the first operation, a recurrence of the solitary bone cyst within the bone graft was noted.

Long-term results after horseshoe sandwich osteotomy of the edentulous maxilla as a preprosthetic procedure.

The long-term results in 30 patients with maxillary atrophy who have been operated on using a horseshoe sandwich osteotomy and interpositional bone grafting are reported. The postoperative period ranges from 1-4 years. Lateral cephalometric X-rays, models and clinical investigations served to determine the resorption rate and the postoperative results.

[The value of 3-dimensional plates in maxillofacial surgery].

Plate osteosynthesis for bone fragment stabilisation in maxillo-facial surgery is a universal method whose advantages and drawbacks are now well documented. A new system of plates made out of titanium (3-D plates) is presented. The geometry of the plate assures a good stability in the three dimensions of the space.

[Pathological changes in face and skull in acromegaly].

31 patients (mean age 52.7 years) suffering from persistent symptoms of a growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma underwent both clinical and roentgenological examinations. The results of standardized x-ray analysis of the viscero- and neurocranium were compared with those of a group of 25 healthy subjects (mean age 42.