Microbial natural compounds and secondary metabolites as Immunomodulators: A review.

Immunomodulatory therapies are beneficial strategies for the improvement of immune system function. Today, due to the increasing prevalence of immune disorders, cancer, and new viral diseases, there is a greater need to introduce immunomodulatory compounds with more efficiency and fewer side effects. Microbial derivatives are fertile and attractive grounds for discovering lots of novel compounds with various medical properties.

Effect of Trans-Anethole on Gene Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Ovary of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rate:

Background: The process of steroidogenesis is crucial to the normal function of the ovaries. In individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the activity of related enzymes in this process is disrupted. In the present study, the effect of trans-anethole was investigated on gene expression of steroidogenesis enzymes in PCOS model rats.

Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities.

Thyroxine Accelerates Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush.

Aim: To see how thyroxine affects the sensory and motor function of a damaged sciatic nerve in male rats.

Material And Methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups, 10 individuals each. Then, crush injury was done on the right sciatic nerve in all the groups using a vessel clamp.

Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on , and Genes Expression.

Background: Serotonin and kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release while ghrelin and adiponectin inhibit them. In the present experimental study, the effects of central injection of serotonin were investigated on LH concentration, , , and genes expression.

Materials And Methods: Fifteen Wistar male rats in three groups received saline or serotonin hydrochloride via the third cerebral ventricle.

Novel Gold Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis with Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss Extract, Characterization, and In Vivo Investigations on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Biochemical Parameters in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

In this work, we synthesized and reported gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss plant extract for first time. The plant extract has important effect as reducing and stabilizing agent for preparation of Au nanoparticles. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized with FT-IR, UV-vis, XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles as a new neuroprotective agent to promote functional recovery in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury.

Background: Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of cerium oxide nanoparticles on axonal regeneration and functional recovery of the sciatic nerve after a crush injury in the rat model.

Method: A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups.

Co-regulative effects of chitosan-fennel seed extract system on the hormonal and biochemical factors involved in the polycystic ovarian syndrome.

There is a renewed interest in the application of chitosan-based drug delivery systems over the last few years. In this study, the ionic gelation method was used to prepare chitosan-engaged tripolyphosphate ions, as the cross-linking molecule, (Chit-TPP) and concurrent loading of the biomolecules of the ethanolic extract of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, seed (FEC@NBC). The samples were characterized by SEM, DLS, TGA, FTIR, XRD, GC-MS, and zeta potential, and their effects on the related hormonal and biochemical factors of the rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were assessed.

Biosynthesis of Novel Silver Nanoparticles Using Eryngium thyrsoideum Boiss Extract and Comparison of their Antidiabetic Activity with Chemical Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Diabetic Rats.

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (1) were synthesized by green method using Eryngium campestre Boiss aqueous extract and silver nanoparticles (2) were synthesized with chemical method. The silver nanoparticles (1) and (2) were characterized with FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM analyses. The effects of silver nanoparticles (1) and (2) were investigated on glucose, hematology, and blood biochemical parameters in alloxan- induced diabetes type 1 model rats.

Morphine and kisspeptin influences on 5-α reductase and aromatase gene expression in adult male rats.

Objectives: Kisspeptin and opioids are important factors for controlling GnRH/LH secretion. In present study, influences of kisspeptin or morphine were investigated on 5α- reductase or aromatase () genes expression in the hypothalamus, testis and liver. It aimed to investigate whether kisspeptin pathway may control morphine effects on plasma concentration of testosterone.

The effects of supraphysiological levels of testosterone on neural networks upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.

Objectives: Several pathological conditions are associated with hyper-production of testosterone; however, its impacts are not well understood. Hence, we evaluated the effects of supraphysiological levels of testosterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system in the hypothalamus of male rats. Also, we assessed the expression of two excitatory (kisspeptin and neurokinin-B) and two inhibitory (dynorphin and RFamide-related-peptide) neuropeptides upstream of GnRH neurons as possible routes to relay androgen information.

Hypothalamic KiSS1/GPR54 Gene Expressions and Luteinizing Hormone Plasma Secretion in Morphine Treated Male Rats.

Bachground: The inhibitory effects of morphine and the stimulatory influence of kisspeptin signaling have been demonstrated on gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Hypothalamic kisspeptin is involved in relaying the environmental and metabolic information to reproductive axis. In the present study, the role of kisspeptin/ GPR54 signaling system was investigated on relaying the inhibitory influences of morphine on LH hormone secretion.

Oxytocin Intranasal Administration Affects Neural Networks Upstream of GNRH Neurons.

The last decade has witnessed a surge in studies on the clinical applications of intranasal oxytocin as a method of enhancing social interaction. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its function are not completely understood. Since oxytocin is involved in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by affecting the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) system, the present study addressed whether intranasal application of oxytocin has a role in affecting GNRH expression in the male rat hypothalamus.

Orexin Decreases Aromatase Gene Expression in The Hypothalamus of Androgenized Female Rats.

Background: Orexin is a hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide, which third cerebral injection of it mainly exerts inhibitory effects on reproductive functions. It increases significantly the Aromatase (Cyp19) gene expression in the hypothalamus of male rats. Aromatase is an enzyme which converts androgens to estradiol in the hypothalamus of rats.

The immunomodulatory activity of secondary metabolites isolated from Streptomyces calvus on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Background: The natural products derived from micro-organisms are potential candidates for the discovery of novel drugs. Streptomyces bacteria are prolific sources of secondary metabolites with a wide variety of biological activities. Streptomyces calvus (S.

Morphine attenuates testosterone response to central injection of kisspeptin in male rats.

Background: Kisspeptin and naloxone stimulate the reproductive axis while morphine inhibits its function. We have investigated the effect of central injection of kisspeptin-10 on mean plasma testosterone concentration in morphine or naloxone pretreated rats.

Materials And Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats that were divid- ed into 12 groups (n=5 per group) received saline, kisspeptin (1 nmol, ICV), naloxone (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg, sc) or co-administrations of kisspeptin, morphine and naloxone at 09:00 - 09:30.

Interactions of morphine and Peptide 234 on mean plasma testosterone concentration.

Background: Kisspeptin-GPR54 system stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; dysfunction of the gene encoding the GPR54 receptor causes hypogonadism and infertility. Opioid peptides inhibit the reproductive axis. Peptide 234 is a GPR54 receptor antagonist and blocks the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on HPG axis.

Effects of intrahippocampal injection of ghrelin on spatial memory in PTZ-induced seizures in male rats.

Ghrelin (gh) is a peptide hormone that may affect learning and memory. There is some evidence that ghrelin can have antiepileptic effects. So we decided to investigate the possible effects of ghrelin on spatial memory following PTZ-induced seizures in male rats.

The effect of central injection of ghrelin and bombesin on mean plasma thyroid hormones concentration.

Ghrelin increases food intakes and body weight. Bombesin decreases food intakes and inhibits the stimulatory effect of Ghrelin on food intakes. Thyroid hormones have a crucial role in the regulation of body weight and yet the effect of bombesin on thyroid axis activity is not fully clear.