Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats.

Wilson's disease causes copper accumulation in the liver and extrahepatic organs. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent drug that can repair the damaged liver and brain tissue is needed.

A Novel Sprague-Dawley Rat Model Presents Improved NASH/NAFLD Symptoms with PEG Coated Vitexin Liposomes.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global threat to the human population, with manifestations resulting from alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, if not treated, may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Furthermore, inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance: An In Vivo Assessment.

Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have been extensively studied as drug delivery systems for various therapeutic applications. However, drug-loaded-AuNPs have been rarely explored in vivo for their effect on bacteria residing inside tissues. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad-spectrum of antibiotic properties devoid of developing bacteria resistance.

Interplay of immune components and their association with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Maintenance and progression of pregnancy is an intricate process governed by a variety of developmental cues. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a complication experienced by expecting mothers that is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses. This review focuses on the dysfunctions of the immune system as one of the key contributors towards RPL.

Generation and phenotypic characterisation of a cytochrome P450 4x1 knockout mouse.

Cytochrome P450 4x1 (Cyp4x1) is expressed at very high levels in the brain but the function of this protein is unknown. It has been hypothesised to regulate metabolism of fatty acids and to affect the activity of endocannabinoid signalling systems, which are known to influence appetite and energy metabolism. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the impact of Cyp4x1 on body weight and energy metabolism by developing a line of transgenic Cyp4x1-knock out mice.

Synthesis of Fluoroalkoxy Substituted Arylboronic Esters by Iridium-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Borylation.

The preparation of fluoroalkoxy arylboronic esters by iridium-catalyzed aromatic C-H borylation is described. The fluoroalkoxy groups employed include trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, and 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole. The borylation reactions were carried out neat without the use of a glovebox or Schlenk line.

Dose-related effects of clozapine and risperidone on the pattern of brain regional serotonin and dopamine metabolism and on tests related to extrapyramidal functions in rats.

The present study was designed to evaluate the behavioral and neurochemical profiles of clozapine and risperidone in rats in a dose-dependent manner. Animals injected intraperitoneally (i.p.

Protective effects of aqueous fruit extract from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. Spp. Turkestanica) on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and neuronal alterations in the striatum.

Background: Long-term treatment of haloperidol, a neuroleptic, induces neurodegeneration specifically in the striatum (caudate and putamen), which plays an important role in the development of orofacial dyskinesia, a putative model of tardive dyskinesia (TD). This study investigated the protective effects of a concomitant treatment of aqueous fruit extract of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp.

Dietary supplementations of amino acids: evidence for enhanced serotonergic functions following haloperidol withdrawal in rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Objective: To investigate the effects of orally supplemented amino acids L-Tryptophan (Trp) and L-Valine (Val) in rats repeatedly injected with haloperidol following one week of drug withdrawal, with particular reference to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

Study Design: Experimental study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi from December 2007 to February 2008.

Acute administration of clozapine and risperidone altered dopamine metabolism more in rat caudate than in nucleus accumbens: a dose-response relationship.

The present study compares the extrapyramidal and neurochemical effects of clozapine and risperidone in rat caudate (corpus striatum) and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) dose-dependently. Animals injected with clozapine (2.5, 5.

Serotonin(1A) receptor agonism in the expression of behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity in subchronic haloperidol treated rats.

The idea that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is contributed in schizophrenia has long been advocated and alterations in 5-HT neurotransmission has been hypothesized to modulate both the therapeutic and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) liability of conventional neuroleptics. The 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a preferential 5-HT(1A) ligand, has been reported to attenuate EPS functions of haloperidol in animals. In view of a possible role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the management of EPS functions of a neuroleptic drug, the present study was designed to investigate behavioral responses of 8-OH-DPAT at a challenge dose of 0.

Neurochemical and behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT following exposure to restraint stress in rats.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (serotonin; 5-HT1A) agonist was used to evaluate the role of somatodendritic and/or postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors following exposure to restraint stress. Exposure to an episode of 2-h restraint stress decreased 24 h cumulative food intake. Intensity of 8-OH-DPAT-induced 5-HT syndrome monitored next day was smaller in restrained than unrestrained animals.

Neurochemical effects of 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino tetralin in rats treated with haloperidol.

In view of a possible role of presynaptic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors in the precipitation of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), the present study was designed to investigate the neurochemical effects of a selective 5-HT1A ligand, 8-hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in rats following single (5 mg/kg) and repeated (two-times a day for 9 days at dosage of 5mg/kg) haloperidol administration. Haloperidol plus 8-OH-DPAT injected animals exhibited a decrease in dopamine (DA) and an increase in DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in the striatum and rest of the brain. The two groups of animals exhibited comparable levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum and rest of the brain.

Differences in the effects of haloperidol and clozapine on brain serotonin and dopamine metabolism and on tests related to extrapyramidal functions in rats.

Background: An important goal of current neuroleptic research is to develop antipsychotic compounds with a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Clozapine, the first of the atypical antipsychotics to be proven effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, is reported to produce less EPS than typical neuroleptics, such as haloperidol.

Material/methods: The present study compares the neurochemical profiles of clozapine and haloperidol in rats.

Pre- and postsynaptic responses to 1-(1-naphthylpiperazine) following adaptation to stress in rats.

In view of a role of pre- and postsynaptic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors in adaptation to stress, effects of 1-(1-naphthylpiperazine) (1-NP) were compared in unrestrained and repeatedly restrained adapted rats. In the first part of the study, effects of various doses (1.0-15 mg/kg ip) of 1-NP were monitored on brain 5-HT metabolism (presynaptic response) and on the activity (postsynaptic response) of rats in an activity cage to which the rats were habituated before the drug administration.